tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-63697180476272538262024-03-05T05:23:40.086-05:00quaedam notationesWilliam Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.comBlogger27125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-318838899464771502014-03-20T15:25:00.000-04:002014-03-20T15:25:12.406-04:00William Maclay Hall - errata LatinaJudge Hall died in 1899, a resident of Bedford Borough, Bedford County, Pennsylvania, leaving to survive him his wife, three daughters and three sons. His remains are interred in the <a href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Hall&GSfn=William&GSmn=Maclay&GSbyrel=all&GSdy=1899&GSdyrel=in&GSst=40&GScnty=2245&GScntry=4&GSob=n&GRid=12182405&df=all&" target="_blank">cemetery</a> across the road and five hundred yards or so just up the hill from where I live. From 1871 through January 1882, he presided over the 16th judicial district, which, when his term of office began, embraced Franklin, Fulton, Bedford and Somerset counties, and which was reduced to Bedford and Somerset counties in 1874. [Bedford county was added to the 20th judicial district in 1901, which also included Huntingdon and Mifflin counties, and subsequently became its own judicial district, the 57th.] The writer of his obituary notes that after his term as judge he "devoted himself to literary pursuits," specifically mentioning "several books" and "many articles of historic interest."<br />
<br />
The only book I've been able to find is something called <i>Reminiscences and Sketches, Historical and Biographical</i>, published by Meyers Printing House in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in 1890. It is available online at more than one location, one of which is Barnes and Noble, <a href="http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/reminiscences-and-sketches-historical-and-biographical-william-m-hall/1026693734?ean=2940022939781" target="_blank">here</a>; however, the conversion into digital format at this location is execrable and in many passages the text is gobbledygook. I also downloaded a pdf scan from the Internet Archive, <a href="https://archive.org/details/reminiscencesske00hall" target="_blank">here</a>; however, the faded quality of the pages makes reading difficult and the other options for downloading (e.g., Kindle) seem to bring up the same defectively scanned and OCRed copy as the Barnes and Noble version. I was recently able to borrow a copy of the real book and it does indeed offer a delightful display of late 19th century writing, thinking and attitudes.<br />
<br />
The son of a Presbyterian minister who moved to Bedford in 1844, Judge Hall was educated at Marshall College, in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, class of 1846. This college was where <a href="http://www.mercersburg.edu/podium/default.aspx?t=138877" target="_blank">Mercersburg Academy</a> is now. Marshall College merged with Franklin College in Lancaster in 1853 to become Franklin and Marshall. Some elements of the college continued to offer classes at Mercersbury and after spending a few decades as Mercersburg College, formally became Mercersburg Academy in 1893. This schooling, which the Judge finished at the age of 17, concluded his formal education. He "read law" with a practicing attorney in Bedford and was admitted to the bar in 1849.<br />
<br />
In a series of biographical sketches of judges in Bedford one of his subjects is the honorable Jeremiah Black (who later achieved a certain renown – or notoriety – as a member of President Buchanan's cabinet). In discussing Judge Black's time on the Pennsylvania Supreme Court during the 1850's, he notes the constitutional change in 1850 which made the judiciary elective. "Under the constitution of 1790 judges were appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate, and held office for life, if they so long behaved themselves well, <i>dum bene <span style="background-color: yellow;">gesseret</span>, </i>as the commission ran." (page 202) The translation he provides here, "if they so long behaved themselves well," is a perfectly acceptable one for <i>dum bene se gesserit</i>. He has left out the reflexive pronoun (<i>se</i>) and erred in writing the form of the verb <i>gerere</i>, which should be in the future perfect tense indicative mood, instead of the imperfect tense subjunctive form of the third singular ending tacked onto the perfect stem.<br />
<br />
A little later he offers an essay on Christian ethics, or more particularly, on the Sermon on the Mount. He writes: "If individuals and nations governed their conduct by the ethics of the Sermon on the Mount, men would beat their swords into ploughshares and their spears into pruning-hooks, and would learn war no more. The world is growing gray with age, and yet this nineteenth century of the Christian era is still sadly full of cruelty and wrong. It must be possible that, in the ultimate progress of the human race, some tribunal can be established to settle human disputes without the horrible relic of barbarism, this cruel <i>ultima ratio <span style="background-color: yellow;">regium</span></i>, which has so long desolated the earth." (page 216) The proper genitive plural form of <i>rex, regis, m.</i> is <i>regum</i>. <a href="http://wordinfo.info/results/ultima%20ratio" target="_blank">Apparently</a>, Louis XIV preferred this plural form in the expression of the motto to be embossed on his cannon, while Frederick the Great of Prussia opted for the singular <i>regis </i>in the same motto on his heavy weaponry. This motto, with the singular genitive form of <i>rex</i>, is on the cannon – I think it was a WWI era field piece – that sat on a corner of one of public squares in Bedford for several decades until replaced a few years ago by another less warlike memorial. I always thought it a bit peculiar that whoever installed it had aimed it directly at the courthouse across the intersection.<br />
<br />
These are the only two <i>errata Latina</i> I noted in Judge Hall's book, although he is generally rather free with the embellishment a reasonable familiarity with quotable Latin phrases and expressions makes possible. <br />
<br />
Finally, just for fun, I append the shortest (I think) of his pieces in this book, entitled "Did You See Any Whales?" It is more of an anecdote perhaps than anything else, but it gives a nice feel for the Judge's style and cast of mind. From page 138:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
It is wonderful how the traveler in distant lands feels drawn to anything that reminds him of home. Meeting a citizen of his own town or county, or state even, with whom he had no previous acquaintance or intercourse, he is attracted as if he were an intimate friend. The newspaper of his village, how interesting the dull sheet has become! At home he hardly glances at it. And so a letter from home, how it is longed for! I remember with what desire and interest I looked for the first letter from Bedford when I was in Paris. I had been going from place to place and no letter had reached me, until I was quite sick to hear of the dear ones at home, grown doubly dear by absence. Finally I was handed one bearing the postmark of the ancient village, which I opened with trembling haste. No pearl of great price nor sparkling diamond could have been seized with more avidity, or would have been half as welcome. It proved to be from my eight-year-old son, whose developing mind was just then intensely occupied with the wonders of natural history. Spelled out in letters made like printing, this was its entire contents:<br />
Bedford, PA, June 1st, 1875.<br />
"Dear Pa: Did you see any whales?<br />
"Your affectionate son,<br />
"George"</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-50330745008432908042013-12-15T16:01:00.001-05:002013-12-15T16:01:50.629-05:00Bad Latin in Contemporary WritingHere are four specimens of defective Latin appearing in contemporary writing. The list may grow longer. One of these I stumbled upon a couple years ago, or perhaps a bit longer, in a source I really was not expecting to find it. The other three are from within the past few months. I plan to quote liberally so as to supply both a bit of context as well as something of the author's style.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
1. </div>
<br />
Guy Davenport is not well known, although he should be. He has done translations of archaic Greek poets and was a literature professor at the University of Kentucky for a few decades in the second half of the 20th century, finding time to write some very interesting stuff, both short fiction and essays, one of which was a in set of pieces compiled into a book called <i>The Hunter Gracchus</i>, published by Counterpoint in 1996. I was stunned to find on page 156, in a short discussion under the title <i>Two Notes on Wallace Stevens</i>:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Beginning with the collection called <i>Harmonium</i> in 1923, Steven's books, handsomely published by Alfred Knopf, had an authority and finish, a presence. In 1957 Samuel French Morse edited Steven's uncollected poems, and some prose, under the title <i>Opus Posthumous</i>. In his 1989 edition Milton J. Bates adds to Morse's edition twenty-three poems, a short play, a rich selection from his notebooks, and nineteen prose pieces. He keeps Morse's macaronic title, which should be <i>Opus Posthumus</i>, or in even better Latin, <i><span style="background-color: yellow;">Opus Postumus</span>. </i></blockquote>
It was surprising to me to find a Rhodes scholar, a MacArthur Foundation grantee, an academic with a degree in classics, ignoring the gender of <i>opus</i>, a neuter third declension noun. The correct Latin would be <i>Opus Postumum</i>. Perhaps even an exceptionally brainy and widely-read fellow can sometimes get so carried away by a little end rhyme that he forgets his basic noun-adjective agreement rule.<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
2. </div>
<br />
The next instance I came across was a few months ago, when. about the time of the 150th anniversary of the battle at Gettysburg, I was reading Drew Gilpin Faust's pretty impressive recent book, <i>This Republic of Suffering – Death and the American Civil War.</i> I came across this inscrutable bit of Latin (page 9):<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
How one died thus epitomized a life already led and predicted the quality of life everlasting. The <span style="background-color: yellow;"><i>hors mori</i></span>, the hour of death, had therefore to be witnessed, scrutinized, interpreted, narrated – not to mention carefully prepared for by any sinner who sought to be worthy of salvation.</blockquote>
How could anyone possibly imagine that <i>hors mori</i> is the Latin for "the hour of death?" That would be <i>hora mortis</i> (as in the reasonably well known <i>Ave Maria:</i><i> "... ora pro nobis peccatoribus nunc et in hora mortis nostrae</i>.") <i>Hors</i> is a French preposition. <i>Mori </i>is the infinitive form of the verb "die" (<i>morior, mori, mortuus</i>) a deponent third conjugation i-stem. The author has her doctorate in American Civilization from the University of Pennsylvania and became the 28th president of Harvard University in 2007. Note that her use of the Latin phrase here has none of the justification of her earlier (page 7) use of <i>ars moriendi</i>, in a discussion about the provenance of mid-nineteenth century thinking about the act of dying in terms of medieval and post-medieval works on the subject, in particular Jeremy Taylor's 1651 <i>The Rule and Exercise of Holy Dying</i>, itself a translation of or derived from one or more earlier texts such as the <i>Tractatus</i> <i>artis bene moriendi.</i><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
3.<i> </i></div>
<br />
For several decades now my law office has been receiving a bi-monthly magazine called <i>Liberty</i> published by the North American Division of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. It was coming when I started in 1975 as a partner with my father, and has continued to come steadily through the years even though I have never sent anything to cover the subscription price (currently a very modest $7.95). The writing is generally pretty good and the perspectives are refreshingly out of the mainstream. In a piece entitled "How Much Liberty? The New Evangelization and Religious Freedom" in the July/August 2013 edition somebody named Edwin Cook, who is described as having a Ph.D. in church-state studies from Baylor University, writes (p. 37):<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
In the modern context, with religious pluralism so predominantly manifest, one may be led to believe that religious diversity is a fool-proof safeguard against religious tyranny. Such is true, unless religious groups no longer focus on their differences, and instead unite upon those points of doctrine that they hold in common, producing a "nondenominational state" (or, a re-Christianization of society) If such a condition should prevail in the future, the real question will be: How much <span style="background-color: yellow;"><i>liberta</i></span> (liberty) will exist for dissenting non-Christians while the church exercises its <i>libertas ecclesiastica</i> (liberties of the church)?</blockquote>
The problem here is a little subtler than Davenport's faux pas or Faust's gross howler. This author leaves the <i>-s</i> off of the third declension feminine noun <i>libertas, libertatis</i> and glosses what remains as liberty, then adds an <i>-s </i>to that word in the phrase <i>libertas ecclesiastica </i>before glossing that as liberties – plural – of the church. Since <i>ecclesiastica </i>is in its feminine nominative singular form, that phrase is a perfectly fine way to say in Latin ecclesiastical or religious liberty – singular – but a literal rendering of liberties of the church would be <i>ecclesiae libertates</i>, or possibly <i>libertates ecclesiasticae </i>(or better perhaps, or at least consistent with Vatican phrasing – from the full title of<i> </i>Declaration referred to as<i> Dignitatis Humanae, </i>which he cites elsewhere in his essay – <i>libertates religiosae). </i> It looks like he thought the singular form of <i>libertas </i>was <i>liberta, </i>and that making it plural involved just adding an <i>-s</i> to the noun with no change necessary in the adjective.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
4.a.</div>
<br />
It has been a couple years or so now since I discovered <a href="http://www.nationalreview.com/" target="_blank">National Review Online</a>, but recently I've had more time to read it. It has become regular morning fare. Kevin D. Williamson is described as a roving correspondent; he writes the Exchequer blog there. He has recently authored a book, <i> <a href="http://www.amazon.com/The-End-Near-Going-Awesome/dp/0062220683">The End Is Near and It’s Going To Be Awesome: How Going Broke Will Leave America Richer, Happier, and More Secure</a>, </i>which I'm currently reading on my iPad. Anyhow in a recent column (<i>The New Segregation</i>, November 11, 2013) he writes:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
This is not the time to rehearse the case for school choice, important as that is, or for ending the cumbrous regulations and occupational licensing that prevent people with modest academic abilities from developing professions, important as that is. <i><span style="background-color: yellow;">Homo novo<span style="background-color: white;"> sui generis</span></span></i> is the rarest of specimens — most children need somebody to learn from, and it’s neither the free market nor the welfare state that is mainly responsible for depriving them of that. The first problem is their mothers and their fathers.</blockquote>
<i>Sui generis</i>, of course, is perfectly familiar. As Latin for "of his, her or its own kind" it is so common as to be found in most English dictionaries. Grammatically it is the genitive singular of the adjective/noun combination <i>suum genus</i>. <i>Homo, hominis, m., </i>(third declension)<i> </i>is a very basic word meaning "man, person, human being." The problem is that the form <i>novo</i>, the dative or ablative singular neuter or masculine form of the first/second declension adjective meaning "new," does not agree with <i>homo</i>, which is masculine nominative singular.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
4.b. </div>
<br />
Mr. Williamson gets a second entry, since I came across (last night) this sentence in his book (page 131 in the ebook edition):<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Vouchers are a key reform not only because they allow students to attend private schools, but because they shift the locus of control in the allocation of education funds from the State acting <i>in loco parentis</i> to the consumer – or, in the case of children, to the consumers' parents acting <i><span style="background-color: yellow;">in loco emptori</span>.</i></blockquote>
It just seems a darned shame to taint a neat echo in the <i>in loco</i> expressions from the perfectly legitimate English word "locus" ("place" – directly from the original Latin <i>locus, loci, m.,</i> whence it derives orthographically unchanged) bounced off "allocation" (obviously another derivative) by writing <i>emptor, emptoris, m., </i>in the wrong case, i.e., the dative instead of the genitive, which is the case in which <i>parentis </i>is written.<br />
<br />
I think that Davenport just slipped up. I imagine that if his attention were directed to the point he would recognize his error instantly and smile about it. I think the other three were trying to appear to be cleverer than they are, or at least to have a better command of the Latin language than they have. Maybe that's all it is, just some little foible on the part of these three, but it still baffles me why folks who seem to be well-informed, thoughtful, articulate writers, certainly above average, yield to the temptation to try to show off at something they don't really understand.<br />
<br />William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-64352945401312657302012-11-26T16:17:00.000-05:002012-11-26T16:17:58.813-05:00about a bit of Thanksgiving LatinIn one of my increasingly infrequent rambles in the blogosphere, I recently came across this page:<br />
<a href="http://vaviper.blogspot.com/2012/11/a-thanksgiving-miscellany-mark-twain.html">http://vaviper.blogspot.com/2012/11/a-thanksgiving-miscellany-mark-twain.html</a><br />
on which, among other things related to the Thanksgiving theme, there is a quotation attributed to Cicero, viz:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Gratius animus est una virtus non solum maxima, sed etiam mater virtutum omnium reliquaram.<br /> - Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 B.C.) (Oratio pro Cnaeo Plancio, 23)</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
(A thankful heart is not only the greatest virtue, but the mother of all other virtues.) </blockquote>
The Latin is grammatically or morphologically flawed in two respects ("gratius" and "reliquaram" - perhaps these are just spelling errors), the line or paragraph number is wrong, and the quotation itself is not exactly what Cicero wrote (or said).<br />
<br />
The quotation may have been lifted from this page, or one like it:<br />
<a href="http://orbiscatholicussecundus.blogspot.com/2012/11/rome-quotes_23.html">http://orbiscatholicussecundus.blogspot.com/2012/11/rome-quotes_23.html</a><br />
<br />
That in turn seems to have been transcribed inattentively from something like this:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Gratus animus est una virtus non solum maxima, sed etiam mater virtutum omnium reliquarum.<br /> A thankful heart is not only the greatest virtue, but the parent of all the other virtues.<br /> Cicero—<i>Oratio Pro Cnæo Plancio.</i> XXXIII.</blockquote>
from perhaps this page (Hoyt & Roberts, comps. <a href="http://www.bartleby.com/78/363.html" target="_blank">Hoyt’s New Cyclopedia of Practical Quotations.</a> <span>1922<span>, at Bartle<span>by.com</span></span></span>), or maybe this one:<span style="font-size: x-small;"> <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=MOg4AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA533&lpg=PA533&dq=%22Gratus+animus+est+una+virtus+maxima&source=bl&ots=32lLgZlyDY&sig=tKw2hM6dnrOfnAAMqgEDcMX3S_I&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bUuyUP_COqm90AHo-YG4CA&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22Gratus%20animus%20est%20una%20virtus%20maxima&f=false" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">The cyclopaedia of practical quotations: English and Latin; with an appendix. . . (1894) </span></a></span><br />
<h1 class="gb-volume-title" dir="ltr">
</h1>
What Cicero actually wrote, in chapter XXXIII, section 80, goes like this (from the <a href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/plancio.shtml#80" target="_blank">Latin Library</a>):<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
etenim, iudices, cum omnibus virtutibus me adfectum esse cupio, tum
nihil est quod malim quam me et esse gratum et videri. haec enim est una
virtus non solum maxima sed etiam mater virtutum omnium reliquarum. quid est pietas nisi voluntas grata in parentes? qui sunt boni cives,
qui belli, qui domi de patria bene merentes, nisi qui patriae beneficia
meminerunt? qui sancti, qui religionum colentes, nisi qui meritam dis immortalibus
gratiam iustis honoribus et memori mente persolvunt? quae potest esse
vitae iucunditas sublatis amicitiis? quae porro amicitia potest esse
inter ingratos?
</blockquote>
The "gratus animus" seems to have been a distillation of the initial sentence to a noun phrase representing the quality to which it refers, and that was then substituted for the pronoun "haec" in the second, an operation performed presumably by some 19th century compiler of notable, memorable, and therefore quotable expressions. The resultant statement is not really Cicero's, but would qualify as a fair representation of his idea about gratitude, at least as that was conceived in the first century B.C.<br />
<br />
It's not easy for me to comment about a phenomenon like the appearance of this quotation in a modern blog. On the one hand, one could say that it's nice to see Latin in current use. On the other, one could also say that it's a bit disappointing to see mangled Latin in current use. On the whole, I suppose it reflects rather poorly on current ideas of high quality education and high quality writing that a writer doesn't really understand the Latin he or she cites and is unable or unwilling to run a quotation noted in some sort of compilation down to its source so as to verify such things as its accuracy, legitimacy, context and aptness for the contemplated use.William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-66503279025290641842012-06-12T13:52:00.001-04:002012-06-21T15:55:26.867-04:00Epic Fail: the Latin lyrics of GlobusGlobus is the performance off-shoot of a successful producer of epic "trailer" music, i.e., music designed to be played during the display of short promotional films for movies many of which can loosely be described as epics (Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part I, Avatar, Pirates of the Caribbean 3, Angels & Demons, Terminator Salvation, Spiderman 2, Spiderman 3, Astroboy). Apparently the fandom of the work of <a href="http://immediatemusic.com/" target="_blank">Immediate Music</a> grew to such an extent that its chief creative person, Yoav Goren, put together a band or ensemble for live performance and the making of albums. There was a performance at Wembley in the UK in 2006 accompanying the release of the first CD, Epicon, which did not come out in the USA until 2008. You can check out a review of the album <a href="http://www.tracksounds.com/reviews/epicon.htm" target="_blank">here</a> and have a look at the official <a href="http://globusmusic.bandzoogle.com/fr_home.cfm" target="_blank">Globus</a> website. In 2011 a second album was released, Break From This World.<br />
<br />
The music is grand and sweeping, often with full orchestral instrumentation, frequently accompanied by big chorales singing big full chords moving from one to another in big beautiful ways. Those elements are fused with the apparatus of rock groups (electric guitars, synthesizers, drums) and soaring tenor and soprano leads so as to make what the reviewer called "cinematic rock." I forget how I got tipped off to it, but I liked it right away, got both albums from iTunes, and listen to them a lot while biking.<br />
<br />
Some of the lyrics seemed to be Latin, so it occurred to me it might be worth the effort to find transcriptions of them and see exactly what these poems were saying. That was a big disappointment.<br />
<br />
There are two songs with lyrics entirely (or almost) in Latin on the first album, Preliator and Diem ex Dei. They are complete gibberish. Take a look at this video of Diem ex Dei from (I think) the performance at Wembley:<br />
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Then take a look at this poor guy's attempt at translating - evidently it was a student project:<br />
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As even those of you who are Latinless may readily see, the Latin is entirely junk. Preliator is somewhat worse. I reproduce the words in full here:<br />
<br />
Hossana Meus<br />
Fortuna Deus<br />
Aeterna Teus<br />
Mystrie, Morte, Sancte, Prior<br />
<br />
Fortuna, Hossana meus<br />
Legionus ab comae<br />
Fortuna, fortuna equis<br />
Ad pugnatoris, in veritae<br />
<br />
Protego causa in sanctus<br />
Aeternus praetor, firmitas semper<br />
Coryphaeus, rex Regis univers<br />
<br />
Prosay solis hossana<br />
Protego Sanctus causa<br />
Padre illuminata<br />
Gloria in resurrectum<br />
<br />
Gloria in unum Diem<br />
<br />
Terra tenebrae, telluris malus<br />
Quiseri pere curiatus<br />
Genitor edo, in ex domino<br />
Patris illuminata, rex Premis univers<br />
<br />
Lacrimosa, lacrimosa, in ex dominum<br />
<br />
Somebody at a website called "Latin Discussion" has illustrated rather well the utter absence of sense with this literal translation, in a <a href="http://latindiscussion.com/forum/threads/song-preliator.9204/" target="_blank">thread</a> responding to some poor fellow's request for an English translation:<br />
<br />
<i>Hossana My Man<br />
Fortune God<br />
Eternal Lady Yoru Mna<br />
MYSTRIE, By Death, O Previous Saint<br />
<br />
Fortune, Hossana my man<br />
Legionyish Man from hair<br />
Fortune, fortune by means of horses<br />
To the fighter's, in of she who revered<br />
<br />
I shelter for the reason that in, holy man<br />
Eternal chief executive, always firmness<br />
Chorus leader, king of a King univer<br />
<br />
PROSAY of the sun hossana<br />
I, a Saint, shelter for the reason<br />
PADRE illuminated girl<br />
Glory into a thing risen again<br />
<br />
Glory into one Day<br />
<br />
The land the darkness, the apple tree of the earth<br />
Whichlatemen PERE passed by the assembly of wards<br />
Creator I eat, in out of the lord<br />
Of the father illuminated girl, king You Squeeze univer<br />
<br />
Crying lady, crying lady, in out of s the lord.</i><br />
<br />
Why would anybody compose such rubbish? And more pointedly, why would anybody make recordings of such rubbish<i> </i>and sell them? Is the psychology behind this similar to that which underlies this scene from <i>The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn?</i><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div id="adv-905">
So he went to marching up and down, thinking, and
frowning horrible every now and then; then he would hoist up his
eyebrows; next he would squeeze his hand on his forehead and stagger
back and kind of moan; next he would sigh, and next he'd let on to drop a
tear. It was beautiful to see him. By and by he got it. He told us to
give attention. Then he strikes a most noble attitude, with one leg
shoved forwards, and his arms stretched away up, and his head tilted
back, looking up at the sky; and then he begins to rip and rave and grit
his teeth; and after that, all through his speech, he howled, and
spread around, and swelled up his chest, and just knocked the spots out
of any acting ever I see before. This is the speech—I learned it, easy
enough, while he was learning it to the king:</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
<div id="adv-906">
To be, or not to be; that is the bare bodkin<br />
That makes calamity of so long life;<br />
For who would fardels bear, till Birnam Wood do come to Dunsinane,<br />
But that the fear of something after death<br />
Murders the innocent sleep,<br />
Great nature's second course,<br />
And makes us rather sling the arrows of outrageous fortune<br />
Than fly to others that we know not of.<br />
There's the respect must give us pause:<br />
Wake Duncan with thy knocking! I would thou couldst;<br />
For who would bear the whips and scorns of time,<br />
The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely,<br />
The law's delay, and the quietus which his pangs might take,<br />
In the dead waste and middle of the night, when churchyards yawn<br />
In customary suits of solemn black,<br />
But that the undiscovered country from whose bourne no traveler returns,<br />
Breathes forth contagion on the world,<br />
And thus the native hue of resolution, like the poor cat i' the adage,<br />
Is sicklied o'er with care,<br />
And all the clouds that lowered o'er our housetops,<br />
With this regard their currents turn awry,<br />
And lose the name of action.<br />
'Tis a consummation devoutly to be wished. But soft you, the fair Ophelia:<br />
Ope not thy ponderous and marble jaws,<br />
But get thee to a nunnery—go!</div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
In other words, is this some kind of scam perpetrated by poorly educated frauds who know their target audience is even more poorly educated than they? That seems a bit harsh. From a gentler perspective it may be akin to the use J. K. Rowling has made of Latin in the Harry Potter series by writing most of the spells in pseudo-latin. As the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_spells_in_Harry_Potter" target="_blank">wikipedia</a> article on these spells kindly phrases it: "most spoken phrases resemble Latin words of appropriate meaning but are not proper Latin themselves." In other words, maybe it's just kind of a fun thing, making use of the symbolic authority of Latin and its nexus with the mystique of antiquity. After all, 99.9% (or more) of the population neither knows nor cares about proper Latinity. The other tenth of a percent (or less) can either tut-tut in a sort of grotesque futility all they want or relax and enjoy it for what it is: some sort of private language created out of Latin for a limited purpose (for Rowling, helping to make Harry Potter a best-seller; for Globus, helping to sell albums). Of course this preys upon two characteristics of that 99.9%: its indolent ignorance and its desire to partake effortlessly of that which is uncommon and difficult. That sort of depredation (by the more clever of the less) has been going on for millenia; indeed, it seems to be inherent in civilization. I suppose the sane, common sense reaction is simply to note that the range of "more clever" folk now includes those who have no ability to write Latin intelligibly, but who possess the chutzpah to purport to have it, and, having made that observation, simply to relax and enjoy the music.<br />
<br />
The second album has one song partly in Latin, Doomsday, and its Latin is just as awful as the Latin lyrics on the first album, so awful that there is really no point in even reproducing those lines here; however, there is a track on this one, In Memoriam, significantly different from these. This song has one of those simple, smooth, pleasant melodies you can't get out of your head for hours after you've heard it. It also has less than a dozen goofs in terms of spelling or grammar and only one serious pronunciation flaw [<i>audax</i>, if you're wondering]. Check out this video [okay, I know: I've picked one where the author is the sort of person who doesn't know how to spell "remembrance" but at least this version will give the Latinless reader a leg up figuring out what's going on here]:<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/3y3PiK3wj64?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<br />
What has happened? In the five years between releases did someone at Globus/Immediate Music learn Latin? I suspect not. It looks to me like somebody just seems to have got the bright idea of finding – probably via internet, though possibly in books, maybe both – a bunch of Latin clichés and proverbs and snatches of poetry all loosely organized around real fuzzy ideas about things like valor, death, the brevity of life, and the diachronic koinonia effectuated by tradition (i.e., memory), and just stringing them together. For the fun of it, I've gone and looked up where all this stuff has come from. [Yes, you're right: way too much time on my hands]<br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Fortes et liber [correctly: Fort<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">i</b>s et liber]</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">"Strong and free"</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">on the coat of arms of the province
of Alberta</span></div>
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtH4thYHRhSg_P6KptJ26yuu9Ln6qxMWenAdtdTHbjDjGo3FxgJL72h7HbQAFZJyskRkccHGquC2deJ1GKHoWrzoQjcnVOxa1p2UfQRIshgoZsNzkbkNtb6hHFIu-SH32zp-LGNFOlULI/s1600/200px-Alberta_coat_of_arms.svg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtH4thYHRhSg_P6KptJ26yuu9Ln6qxMWenAdtdTHbjDjGo3FxgJL72h7HbQAFZJyskRkccHGquC2deJ1GKHoWrzoQjcnVOxa1p2UfQRIshgoZsNzkbkNtb6hHFIu-SH32zp-LGNFOlULI/s1600/200px-Alberta_coat_of_arms.svg.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">This would appear to be a Latin
translation of a line in "O Canada" – "The True North strong
and free" – i.e., a relatively recent cliché.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">In infinitum</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="383"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">"into infinity (forever)"</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">very popular on the internet, and
in the past with mathematicians and philosophers, e.g., </span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Fermat's Last Theorem:<i> Cubum autem in duos
cubos, aut quadratoquadratum in duos quadratoquadratos, et generaliter nullam
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">in infinitum</b> ultra
quadratum potestatem in duos eiusdem nominis fas est dividere cuius rei
demonstrationem mirabilem sane detexi. Hanc marginis exiguitas non caperet.</i></span><i><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Caeli enarrant gloriam amor
[correctly: Caeli enarrant gloriam amor<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">is</b>]
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="383"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">"The heavens make manifest the
glory of love."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">a modified version of </span><a href="http://www.latinvulgate.com/verse.aspx?t=0&b=21&c=18" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Psalms 18.2</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6369718047627253826" name="18_2"></a><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">
<b> </b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><b>caeli enarrant gloriam</b> Dei</i> [The
heavens shew forth the glory of God]</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Inter spem et metum</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">"between hope and fear"</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">This is another one plastered all
over the internet, but already probably a cliche in antiquity, and often with
some form of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fluctuari</i>. From Livy: (Ab Urbe Condita, 42, 59, 8) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fluctuante rege inter spem metumque tantae
rei conandae</i>; from Suetonius (Claudius, 4) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ne semper <b>inter spem et metum</b> fluctuemur</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">In vinculis, etiam audax</span></div>
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<td style="border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="383"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">"courageous even in
bondage" [note that I am reading <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">etiam</i>
as sort of a transferred epithet; it could also be "in bondage, still
bold"]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">I can't find an ancient source for
this anywhere (Perseus, OLD, L&S). There are however a couple hundred
repetitions of it on the internet.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">"It is a sweet and fitting
thing to die for one's native land."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Horace, <a href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/horace/carm3.shtml">Ode 3.2, line 13</a>: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;"><b>Dulce
et decorum est pro patria mori</b>:<br />
mors et fugacem persequitur uirum<br />
nec parcit inbellis iuuentae<br />
poplitibus timidoue tergo</span></i><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">You could have a look at <a href="http://www.warpoetry.co.uk/owen1.html">Wilfred Owen's poem</a>
commenting on this idea.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Qui desiderat pacem, praeparet bellum</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">"Let him who longs for peace
prepare for war."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">from Book 3 of the De Re Militari
of Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus (ca. 4<sup>th</sup> or 5<sup>th</sup>
century A.D.). The immediate context
is thus: </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Igitur <b>qui desiderat pacem, praeparet bellum</b>; qui
victoriam cupit, milites inbuat diligenter; qui secundos optat eventus,
dimicet arte, non casu. Nemo prouocare, nemo audet offendere quem intellegit
superiorem esse, si pugnet.</span></i><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;"> The Latin Library has a <a href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/vegetius3.html">copy</a>. Of course this shows up on the internet a
bit more frequently paraphrased as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Si
vis pacem, para bellum. </i>E.g., Niall Ferguson quoted that version in an
article in Newsweek (the Daily Beast) in <a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2011/11/20/dangers-follow-from-congress-s-coming-cuts-to-defense-spending.html">November</a>.
Wiki article <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_vis_pacem,_para_bellum">here</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Homo vitae, commodatus non donatus
est</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">"Man is lent, not given, to
life."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">One of Publilius Syrus' nuggets. Odd
little thing, since you'd think it'd be the other way around: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vita homini commodata non donata est. </i>See <u>Personal and Literary Letters of
Robert, First Earl of Lytton</u>, p. <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Ag1BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA225&lpg=PA225&dq=%22life+is+lent+not+given+to+man%22&source=bl&ots=lrUhGeeaLn&sig=wM7eAhJWzvhmQGogdhn8CYUAZvs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5cPCT6LJH8n3ggeWnKHsCQ&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22life%20is%20lent%20not%20given%20to%20man%22&f=false">225</a>:
"I have purchased a cheap edition of Publius [sic] Syrus and am now
reading him for the first time. Some
of his sentences are excellent. This
amongst others (the wisdom of which I am now – having left behind me all I
love best out of my migratory home – in a mood to appreciate): '<b>Homo vitae
commodatus non donatus est'</b> (man is lent not given to life). Is not this finer and truer than the common
way of putting it from our pulpits, that "life is lent not given to
man"? <a href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/syrus.html">Text</a> of
Publilius is at the Latin Library.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Esto perpetua</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">"Let it be everlasting"</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Motto of the state of Idaho:</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">"Let her. . ." might be
more grammatically correct, since <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">perpetua
</i>(with the singular <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">esto</i>) can
only be feminine, but the neuter pronoun would not necessarily be wrong in
English assuming the nominal reference is to an entity feminine in Latin but
neuter in English.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Honor virutis preamium [correctly:
honor vir<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">t</b>utis pr<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ae</b>mium – though it is interesting
that the orthographically damaged version turns up fifty thousand hits or so
in a quoted search string on Google]</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="383"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">"Honor is the reward of
virtue"</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, Book
8, Chapter 14, <a href="http://www.constitution.org/ari/ethic_08.htm">section
2</a> ("</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">At
all events it seems that each party is justified in his claim, and that each
should get more out of the friendship than the other -- not more of the same
thing, however, but the superior more honour and the inferior more gain; for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">honour is the prize of virtue</i> and of
beneficence, while gain is the assistance required by inferiority.")
Discussed by St. Thomas Aquinas in Summa Theologiae, prima pars secundae
partis quaestio II, </span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth2001.html">articulus II</a></span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;"> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sed
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">honor</b> maxime videtur esse id quod <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">est virtutis praemium</b>, ut philosophus
dicit in IV Ethic. Ergo in honore maxime consistit beatitudo.) </i>Caveat: a
reading of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">articulus II</i> in full is
necessary to an appreciation of the theologian's entire thinking about the
maxim.</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div>
</td>
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<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Nil homini certum est</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="383"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">"There is no such thing as certainty
for humankind." Ovid, <a href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.tristia5.shtml">Tristia,
5.5.27</a><span class="MsoHyperlink">:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Nil homini certum est</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">.
Fieri quis posse putaret, <br />
ut facerem in mediis haec ego sacra Getis?</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;"></span></i></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Eram quod es, eris quod sum</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="383"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">"I was what you are; you will
be what I am." Believed to be a common funerary inscription and probably
was. The Latin Library page on <a href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/epitaphs.html">Epitaphs</a> has a couple
similar: </span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">B
799 </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Vos
qui transitis, nostri memores rogo sitis:<br />
<b>q[uo]d sumus, h[o]c eritis, fuimus</b> quandoque <b>q[uo]d estis</b>. </span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">CIL </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">11.6243 </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Viator,
viator!<br />
<b>Quod tu es, ego fui; quod nunc sum, et tu eris </b></span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;"></span></i><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">The thought shows up </span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">in a poem in elegiac couplets quoted by Petrus
Alfonsus in his <a href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/alfonsi.disciplina.html">Disciplina
Clericalis</a>, under the heading XXXII. Exemplum de philosopho per
cimiterium transeunte, from which I excerpt the first four lines: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Tu
prope qui transis nec dicis: aveto! resiste, <br />
Auribus et cordis haec mea dicta tene: <br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sum quod eris; quod es, ipse fui</b>,
derisor amarae<br />
Mortis, dum licuit pace iuvante frui.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">According to Google the authors of
some 20,000 webpages attribute the form used in the song to Horace. It is
not, however, in any of his extant writings.</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
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<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Memoria in aeterna</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="383"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">"in everlasting remembrance"
– pretty obvious really. Jerome used
it in Liber Psalmorum Iuxta LXX, <a href="http://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_psalmorum_lt.html#PSALMUS%20111">Psalmus
111</a>.7: </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">In
memoria aeterna</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">
erit iustus,</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;"> ab auditione mala non timebit. </span></i><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">In the Iuxta Hebraeos version he used
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sempiterna </i>instead of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aeterna</i>.</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Pulvis et umbra sumus </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="383"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">"We are dust and shadow"</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Horace, <a href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/horace/carm4.shtml">Ode 4.7</a>: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Damna
tamen celeres reparant caelestia lunae:<br />
nos ubi decidimus<br />
quo pater Aeneas, quo diues Tullus et Ancus,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">puluis et umbra sumus</b>.</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">redivivus</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="383"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">this is just "reborn" –
in classical times it applied mostly to using materials over again. For later usage see Prudentius, <a href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Prud.+Cath.+3&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0554">Cathemerina
3</a>, 201-5: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">spes
eadem
mea
membra
manet,
<br />
quae
redolentia
funereo
<br />
iussa
quiescere
sarcophago,
<br />
dux
parili
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">redivivus</b>
humo <br />
ignea
Christus
ad
astra
vocat</span></i><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Note that if it is to agree with
the subject of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sumus</i> it should be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">redivivi</i></span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 18;">
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<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="383"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 19;">
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Incedium [correctly ince<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">n</b>dium]</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="383"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">this is just "fire" i.e.,
"passion"</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 20;">
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">ex amino [correctly: ex a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">n</b>i<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">m</b>o]</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="383"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">simply "<a href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ex%20animo">from the heart</a>/soul/spirit"
– so common as to be in Merriam-Webster.
Curiously it was adopted as a name in 2000 by some Ukrainian heavy metal
or Goth kind of <a href="http://www.exanimo.com.ua/band/">band</a></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 21;">
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">finis coronat noster opus</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="383"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">"Our end crowns the work."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Where the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">noster</i> came from is anybody's guess [fortuitously it can agree in
case, number and gender with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">finis</i>,
so grammatically this is okay, even though one suspects the author's
intention was agreement with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">opus, </i>in
which case the form would need to be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nostrum</i>]
but this expression has been around a long time. There is a lovely little exegesis in
something called "<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=VmsJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA206&lpg=PA206&dq=finis+coronat+opus+ovid&source=bl&ots=-GmZ1IrseD&sig=mZpZMKf7ud399py-4mmNCKz1yfE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bZLCT8GDEIam6gHgrqi8Cg&ved=0CGsQ6AEwCTgU#v=onepage&q=finis%20coronat%20opus%20ovid&f=false">Notes
& Queries</a>" [4<sup>th</sup> S. IX March 9, '72]: "I suspect
that we have the earliest trace of this idea in Ovid (Heroid. ii. 85), though
the words are not the same. Ovid says,
'Exitus acta probat.' I can go to a somewhat earlier date than Lehman (1630),
whom Mr. Tiedeman quotes, and of whose work in two volumes I possess the
second edition 1640, published at Frankfort.
In "Thesaurus Proverbialium Sententiarum uberrimus, etc. per
Joannem Buchlerum à Gladbach, Scholae Wicradinae Moderatorem, edition tertia,
Coloniae, apud Bernardum Gualtheri, 1613, " I find this proverbial
expression; but Buchler does not, any more than Lehman, tell us where he
found it. He says, however in his
preface, that when he did not find a Latin proverb suitable to translate a
modern proverb, he did his best to present it in a Latin dress. . . His work
is full of Latin proverbs, which he occasionally refers to some classical
source; but opposite to many of them he uses the word "vulgo," by
which I imagine that he intends us to understand that it is of modern date,
though in a Latin form, which he has himself given to it. Opposite to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">'Finis coronat opus</b> – Res indicabit –
Non statim finis apparet,' we have 'vulgo.'. . ."</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 22;">
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">In memoriam </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="383"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/in%20memoriam">"in
memory of"</a> - also so common
as to be in Merriam-Webster</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 23;">
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">in excelsius [correctly in excels<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">is]</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="383"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">"in the highest"</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">part of the first set of phrases in
the <a href="http://www.preces-latinae.org/thesaurus/Trinitas/Gloria.html">Greater
Doxology</a>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gloria <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">in excelsis</b> Deo et in terra pax
hominibus bonae voluntatis, </i>from <a href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/bible/luke.html#2">Luke 2.14</a> (where
Jerome has translated the Greek </span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">ὑψίστοις as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">altissimis</i>,
which is of course roughly synonymous with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">excelsis</i>) – it is noteworthy in kind of a depressing way that the
misspelling <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in excelsius</i> has been
put on tens of thousands of webpages</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;"></span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 24;">
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">pax vobiscum</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="383"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">"peace be with you"</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">now a standard liturgical formula
with scriptural provenance: <a href="http://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_nt_evang-lucam_lt.html#24">Luke
24.36</a>: </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Dum haec autem loquuntur, ipse stetit
in medio eorum et dicit eis: “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pax
vobis</b>!” </span></i><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">This expression of course makes use
of the dative case instead of the ablative with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cum</i>. For both expressions one
supplies an implied optative or hortatory subjunctive <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sit</i>.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 25; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">Pax et bonnum [correctly bonum]</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.5pt;" valign="top" width="383"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">"Peace and goodness"</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 9pt;">in addition to being a traditional <a href="http://www.emdonline.org/francis.html">Franciscan</a> salutation and
valediction, it is also a <a href="http://www.carolinadesigns.com/vacation-rentals/pax-et-bonum.aspx">rentable
house</a> at Duck on the Outer Banks in North Carolina.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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-
</style>Is this poetry, at least in the basic sense of having rhythm or meter? You can detect a loose mix of trochees and iambs, particularly if you ignore or know nothing about Latin quantitative meters or the rules governing the placement of the normal stress accent. Is it any kind of literature? Well, there's nothing original about it, and there doesn't seem to be much structure to the way the various bits are assembled, but maybe it can be likened to what Guy Davenport has termed "resonant quotation" in his discussion of the tendencies of some modernist writers to copy things [see his essay <i>Style as Protagonist in Donald Barthelme</i> in <i>The Hunter Gracchus, </i>(Counterpoint, 1997), p. 109: "resonant quotation belongs to modernism as one of its major devices" and compare this passage in <i>The Waste Land </i>(ll. 196-202): <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
But at my back from time to time I hear<br />
The sound of horns and motors, which shall bring<br />
Sweeney to Mrs. Porter in the Spring.<br />
O the moon shone bright on Mrs. Porter<br />
And on her daughter<br />
They wash their feet in soda water<br />
<i>Et O ces voix d'enfants, chantant dans la coupole.</i></blockquote>
in which Eliot has borrowed lines from Andrew Marvel, John Day, Thurland Chattaway, a bawdy Australian ballad, and Paul Verlaine [see Davenport, <i>op. cit. </i>p. 79], and we are left wondering (at least I am) what the coy mistress has to do with Actaeon, and how he turned into Sweeney, and why Sweeney/Actaeon is looking for a prostitute and how the chaste Diana could turn into one of those, and how she could have a daughter, and when was soda water invented, and what Parsifal and his holy grail, for whom presumably the children's choir is singing, have to do with all this, and where are the hounds.] Actually, now that I've written that, it occurs to me that the structure of In Memoriam, haphazard and amorphous as it is, may make about as much sense as this bit of Eliot's famous poem does. Does In Memoriam say anything important? Not really. Certainly nothing that hasn't been said thousands of times before, except maybe in putting all kinds of incongruous things together in one song. It's kind of clever in a way to have Idaho's state motto and part of the Canadian national anthem right up there next to or near one of Horace's or Ovid's famous lines, but perhaps just a tad theologically confusing to be told <i>pulvis et umbra sumus redivivus </i>as if we're not quite sure whether we're pagans or Christians (let alone whether we are singular or plural).<br />
<br />
Anyway, when the ear buds are in, and the rhythms and chords and melodic lines are roiling around together like celestial surf in my head while I'm pedaling my TCR-1 along quiet country roads, I like this music, whether or not the lyrics are lousy Latin or lame poetry.William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-45647840233068975742012-05-15T08:12:00.000-04:002012-05-20T11:21:14.688-04:00The Last Legion - additional disappointmentsThis bit of modern American cinematic fluff was released in 2007 to relatively poor critical reception and low box office numbers. I got it as soon as I found out about it, hoping it might be good for my Latin classes. It's not. Basically it's just a silly little tale about a young princeling getting on with his royal destiny, interspersed with a few battle scenes and bloodshed, a slight romance between an exotic foreign beauty kung fu fighter babe (Aishwarya Rai) and a Britishish leading man type guy (Colin Firth), one wizard (Ben Kingsley) and a magic hero sword (CAI. IVL. CAES. ENSIS CALIBURNUS). It may qualify as historical fiction, but it's very, very, very fictional.<br />
<br />
I pass over all the disappointments of plot, acting, tone, style, historicity, etc. My concern here is with the Latin (and the English) in the inscription accompanying the magic hero sword. Here it is:<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-fHlrECmQ-JgwGrhPB2Bee6aWPAri8aSV3E_kKMCJDunRn5SHL08TmeKVzspeI2vUe2ueaVh93Oh5AqpaCaWjZbBvDhmZQPW93GjrsfkebnumPH_Iq7t2sxGpOlgwTM9lNO3qcpkZwVQ/s1600/ad+defendendum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-fHlrECmQ-JgwGrhPB2Bee6aWPAri8aSV3E_kKMCJDunRn5SHL08TmeKVzspeI2vUe2ueaVh93Oh5AqpaCaWjZbBvDhmZQPW93GjrsfkebnumPH_Iq7t2sxGpOlgwTM9lNO3qcpkZwVQ/s320/ad+defendendum.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
This is immediately translated by the royal boy: "One edge to defeat, one to defend. In Britannia was I forged to fit the hand of he who is destined to rule."<br />
<br />
Actually, the Latin (and the gist of the translation) is not all that bad. I've seen much worse in movies. We've even got gerunds with <i>ad</i> to express purpose, though the <i>quoque</i> is a tad awkward. There are only two fairly obvious errors. In no way does Britannia qualify as a small island within the rule governing the use of the locative case for cities, towns and small islands. The largest island I can find in any grammar book is Cyprus: Hale and Buck, §449, which offers an example from the Bellum Civile, 3, 106,1: <i>Cyprī vīsum</i>. It is deucedly difficult to find any express statement in any of my grammar books (which include, besides H & B, Gildersleeve & Lodge, Allen & Greenough, Lane, Woodcock, Bennett) offering a touchstone for determining which islands are small and which are large, but it is pretty obvious that Britain can't be a small one. Note that the authors of the wikipedia article (as of 5/12/12) on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative_case" target="_blank">locative</a> seem to have overlooked Hale and Buck in categorizing Cyprus as too large to take that case.<br />
<br />
The second flaw is "incussus" - the past participle of <i>incutio, incutere, incussi, incussus - </i>to strike upon or against; to strike or dash against; to throw, cast, hurl; to strike into,to inspire with, inflict, excite; to shake, cause to tremble (Lewis & Short). The intended word would seem to be "incusus" - the past participle of <i>incudo, incudere, incudi, incusus - </i>to forge with the hammer, to fabricate (Lewis & Short). <br />
<br />
The other point worth discussing - not really a flaw, more of a stylistic thing - is the last line: dative (presumably of reference or purpose) of <i>ille</i>, relative pronoun <i>qui </i>in the masculine nominative singular, future active participle <i>regnaturus</i> (in agreement with the relative) of <i>regnare</i>, and an understood <i>est</i>. One might have rather expected to see something like <i>ad usum regis, </i>possibly <i>ad usum regis futuri</i>. That the sword names itself the <i>ensis Caliburnus</i> of Gaius Julius Caesar sets up the irony which a more overt reference to <i>rex</i> would have driven home, since one line of traditional thinking has it that Caesar's monarchical aspirations, or at least the perception among certain patricians that he had monarchical aspirations, got him killed. On the other hand, this level of irony is probably way beyond the film's creators.<br />
<br />
As for the English - which is really rather more offensive than the Latin - some quoting (unfortunately somewhat extensively) from the 1927 Fowler, p. 68, will elucidate the issue for those who don't already grasp it:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
3. Specimens of case mistakes.<br />
A. <i>Three years of dining are a preliminary for </i>he<i> who would defend his fellows. / Should not a Christian community receive with open arms </i>he<i> who comes out into the world with clean hands & a clean heart? / They came to fight in order to pick up the challenge of </i>he<i> who had said 'Our future lies on the water.' / But it is the whimsical perplexity of Americans contemplating the appearance of London that provides </i>he<i> who guides with most amusement.</i><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
* * *</div>
First in frequency & deadliness comes the personal pronoun in a place requiring the objective case followed by a relative that must be subjective, when there is a temptation to regard he-who or they-who as a single word that surely cannot need to have the question of case settled twice over for it; & hazy notions of something one has heard of in classical grammar called relative attraction perhaps induce a comfortable feeling that one will be safe whether one writes he or him. That is a delusion; neither relative attraction nor inverse attraction (the right term here) is a name to conjure with in modern English grammar, though the textbooks can muster a Shaksperian & Miltonic example or two; in modern grammar they are only polite names for elementary blunders. All the A examples should have <i>him</i> instead of <i>he</i>.</blockquote>
I.e., "of <b><i>he</i></b> who is destined to rule" should be "of <b><i>him</i></b> who is destined to rule." Were it just the boy uttering this "elementary blunder" one could perchance chalk it up to the declining standards of English instruction in American schools. But Colin Firth repeats it. Even the villain repeats it. I think others repeat it. Accordingly it must have been in the script and not a flubbed line by a normally - that is to say inadequately - educated American middle-school aged youth.<br />
<br />
It makes me want to throw stuff at the screen, shouting "of him! <b>him</b>! <b>HIM</b>! you idiot!" And then I right away I feel bad for calling King George VI and Jack Worthing and Mr. Darcy an idiot, and I reprove myself for being such a snoot. I show the movie very seldom, partly just to avoid the ambivalence this particular gaucherie creates for me. But even after I've calmed down, I still can't help wondering how someone who has learned reams of material from Wilde and Austen can keep from gagging when he has to say a line with such a stupid mistake in it.William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-82218007939242648522012-05-14T22:04:00.000-04:002012-05-14T22:04:03.445-04:00Academic EnglishThis little gem of academic English (in the sub-genre educational methodology) appears in my "LAST complimentary issue of <i>The Language Educator</i>" a publication of the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages under the heading "YOUR RESOURCE FOR RESEARCH: Don't Miss the Spring Issue of <i>Foreign Language Annals</i>" and I guess it is a digest of one of the articles. The heading for this particular digest is "Learning Complex Grammar in the Virtual Classroom: A Comparison of Processing Instruction, Structured Input, Computerized Visual Input Enhancement, and Traditional Instruction"<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>This study investigated the effects of processing instruction and structured input on the acquisition of the subjunctive in adjectival clauses by 92 second semester distance learners of Spanish. Computerized visual input enhancement was combined with processing instruction and structured input in an attempt to increase the salience of the targeted grammatical form for Web-based delivery. Visual input enhancement was operationalized as word animation of subjunctive forms. Four experimental groups were compared with traditional instruction. </i></blockquote>
I found this description almost completely incomprehensible, and was reminded of the observations of David Foster Wallace in his essay "Authority and American Usage" in the collection of essays <i>Consider the Lobster </i>(Back Bay Books, 2007): "The truth is that most US academic prose is appalling – pompous, abstruse, claustral, inflated, euphuistic, pleonastic, solecistic, sesquipidelian, Heliogabaline, occluded, obscure, jargon-ridden, empty: resplendently dead." (p. 81, fn. 25)<br />
<br />
I wondered a few things. First, would it be possible to use Mr. Wallace's string of adjectives as sort of a checklist students in English (or other) classes could use to pick apart examples of this sort of writing, identifying words or phrases or clauses or whole sentences which could fairly be described with one or more of these adjectives? Obviously students would need to ascertain the meaning of the adjectives first, which might provide a nice vocabulary expansion activity. Mr. Wallace writes in kind of a high register. Second, is his list, while pretty impressive, completely comprehensive? I.e., could we add things like omphalocentric, solipsistic, turgid (perhaps already there in pompous and inflated), or would extending the list be another fruitful task for students? Third, why does Mr. Wallace deviate from the conventional spelling of "sesquipedalian?"<br />
<br />
[hiatus of a couple months]<br />
<br />
On further consideration, I am inclined to be more charitable. After all, in any academic or professional discipline a certain amount of jargon is inevitable, maybe even healthy. The theory is that a shared terminology facilitates the exchange of ideas. Complex or complicated concepts are abbreviated to a few words and participants can kick them around without elaborate explanations every other sentence: <i>processing instruction, structured input, visual input enhancement</i>, and so forth. Even so, that penultimate sentence is a doozy: <i>Visual input enhancement was operationalized as word animation of subjunctive forms. </i>Is this word animation thing like dancing verbs, or what? Do they sing too? <br />
<br />
[hiatus of a couple more months] <br />
<br />
Oh why bother whacking away at this puffed up hooey? Bill Watterson put it better two decades ago than I can now:<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwz-p5oDymDuGbfWnByee9OBRC-CyZ4d-6NC4v61GCWbKpmYTSflQFt3l2zmIz52N_ci0ypCfMOYR5Qk18tWKZvgS4-OnguoDfqG5m_6lqnWWNzs7YsIPB0q6e1-iT6K5Xp0y0VdC3NN0/s1600/academia+here+I+come" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwz-p5oDymDuGbfWnByee9OBRC-CyZ4d-6NC4v61GCWbKpmYTSflQFt3l2zmIz52N_ci0ypCfMOYR5Qk18tWKZvgS4-OnguoDfqG5m_6lqnWWNzs7YsIPB0q6e1-iT6K5Xp0y0VdC3NN0/s640/academia+here+I+come" width="640" /></a></div>William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-47098574861687627662012-03-06T15:17:00.009-05:002012-07-21T09:42:02.957-04:00Latin and the SAT (pars secunda)Magis utile nil est / artibus his quae nil utilitatis habent. (Ovid, Epistulae ex Ponto, Liber I, V (Cottae Maximo) ll. 53-4)<br />
<br />
Last year I put together a few observations and thoughts about <a href="http://whsnyderjr.blogspot.com/2011/05/latin-and-sat.html" target="_blank">Latin and the SAT</a>. After I noticed the 2011 Total Group Report was out some months ago, I got to looking at it and noticed that things seemed to be about the same as the year before. This time I thought I'd see what was going on with the Subject Test data, and that led me to looking at the correlation between years of study and various subject areas. Eventually that got me into wondering where the three (four if you count a distance learning course offering) languages at my school fit with the national data. You can download copies and check the data at the CollegeBoard <a href="http://professionals.collegeboard.com/data-reports-research/sat" target="_blank">Data & Reports</a> page. For earlier years look under Archived SAT Data & Reports.<br />
<br />
Caveats: The SAT report says that the data in it is for high school graduates in the year 2011. It claims a total number of test-takers of 1,647,123. What percentage of all high school graduates this represents I don't know. The 2011 ACT report claims "About 49% of all 2011 high school graduates in the United States took the ACT during high school, or about 1.62 million graduates." Were there then about 3.3 million high school graduate? There must be some percentage of graduates who took neither test, those heading for the military, into technical/vocational training programs, or directly into the workforce. Presumably there are some stats on this, but I don't know where they are. The ACT report does not mention foreign languages.<br />
<br />
Subject tests have been going on for what seems like forever. I think I took them in English and French back in 1966 or 1967. At least I picked up 6 credits at Penn State for them. In 2011 there were some 312,000 subject test takers. This is up from about 279,000 in 2006. Of these about 3,000 have taken the subject test in Latin. That one percent of the subject test taking population does better on the three aspects of the general SAT than any other group, and of course rather considerably better than the norm for all students (which has been totaling about 1500 the last five years - see below). Note that I have just added up the three scores for Critical Reading, Mathematics and Writing.<br />
<br />
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<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">year</span></div>
</td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">total of the mean scores of Latin students (about 1% of the total number of test takers)</span></div>
</td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">mean of the total mean scores for other students</span></div>
</td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">next highest set of mean scores to Latin</span></div>
</td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">subject of the test with the next highest mean scores</span></div>
</td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">lowest set of mean scores</span></div>
</td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">subject of the test with the lowest mean scores</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2006</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2011</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1833.8</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1922</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">German</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1698</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Spanish listening</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2007</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2020</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1831</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1907</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">German</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1676</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Spanish listening</span></div>
</td> </tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;">2008</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2026</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1827</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1912</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">German</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1665</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Spanish listening</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2009</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2019</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1833</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1929</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">German</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1675</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Spanish listening</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2010</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2028</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1838.25</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1927</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Physics</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1685</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Spanish listening</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2011</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2026</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1838.05</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1917</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Chemistry</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1674</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Spanish listening</span></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
As I did last year, I wonder why the fact that these Latin students have done about ten percent better than the average subject test taker, and about 35 percent better than the average SAT taker doesn't lead to larger numbers of Latin students. One minor curiosity is that these Latin subject test takers score better (by an average of 15 points) than those who take the Math 2 subject test on the <i><u><b>math</b></u></i> part of the general SAT, where they score about the same as Chemistry students and only some 35 points, on average, below Physics students who do the best on that part of the SAT. I suppose these Latin subject test takers were mostly among the students who took two or three subject tests. A large majority of subject test takers took two or more tests. Whatever that may mean, there seems to be something about Latin itself, or about the sort of student who takes Latin seriously enough to do a Subject Test in it, or both, that sets this small group of subject test takers distinctly apart from all the rest.<br />
<br />
Each annual report breaks down subject areas into six major groups: English, mathematics, natural sciences, social sciences & history, foreign languages, and arts & music (which also includes computer related courses). I thought I'd see how foreign language students in general compared to others over the last six years in the total of their scores for Critical Reading, Mathematics and Writing per number of years of study in any particular one of these subject areas. That led to the production of these six charts, including one for students taking AP or Honors courses. In these charts the subject areas are sorted in descending order by the mean of the scores for the six years.<br />
<br />
One year of study:<br />
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</style> <br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -.05in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Subject</span></div>
</td> <td colspan="6" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 254pt;" valign="top" width="254"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Total mean scores</span></div>
</td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2011</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2010</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2009</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2008</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2007</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2006</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">mean</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Arts and Music</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1495</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1503</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1502</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1494</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1505</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1504</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1500.5</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Social Science & History</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1386</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1371</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1379</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1356</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1378</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1412</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1380.33</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Natural Sciences</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1395</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1380</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1373</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1349</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1354</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1379</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1371.67</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">English</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1365</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1343</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1310</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1307</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1353</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1454</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1355.33</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Mathematics</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1358</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1334</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1286</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1266</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1326</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1421</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1331.83</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Foreign Languages</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1322</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1321</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1314</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1318</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1321</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1328</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1320.67</span></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Two years of study:<br />
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -.05in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Subject</span></div>
</td> <td colspan="6" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 254pt;" valign="top" width="254"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Total mean scores</span></div>
</td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2011</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2010</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2009</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2008</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2007</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2006</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">mean</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Arts and Music</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1503</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1509</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1507</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1495</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1519</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1522</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1509.17</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Social Science & History</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1429</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1429</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1435</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1423</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1432</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1439</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1431.17</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">English</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1426</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1411</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1438</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1402</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1423</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1454</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1425.67</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Foreign Languages</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1407</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1412</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1414</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1413</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1420</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1424</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1415</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Natural Sciences</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1409</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1404</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1402</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1390</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1400</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1410</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1402.5</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Mathematics</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1382</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1365</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1368</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1346</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1372</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1397</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1371.67</span></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Three years of study:<br />
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<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Subject</span></div>
</td> <td colspan="6" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 254pt;" valign="top" width="254"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Total mean scores</span></div>
</td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2011</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2010</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2009</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2008</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2007</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2006</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">mean</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Foreign Languages</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1540</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1545</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1544</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1536</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1548</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1548</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1543.5</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Arts and Music</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1509</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1519</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1516</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1509</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1533</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1531</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1519.5</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Social Science & History</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1465</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1474</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1473</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1463</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1475</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1477</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1471.17</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Natural Sciences</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1433</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1440</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1442</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1438</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1451</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1454</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1443</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">English</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1396</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1400</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1403</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1401</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1408</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1397</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1400.83</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Mathematics</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1385</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1386</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1390</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1391</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1400</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1396</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1391.33</span></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Four years of study:<br />
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<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Subject</span></div>
</td> <td colspan="6" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 254pt;" valign="top" width="254"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Total mean scores</span></div>
</td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2011</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2010</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2009</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2008</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2007</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2006</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">mean</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Foreign Languages</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1657</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1673</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1669</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1654</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1681</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1681</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1669.17</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Arts and Music</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1588</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1603</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1596</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1586</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1612</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1616</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1600.17</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Natural Sciences</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1555</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1577</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1564</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1561</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1580</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1586</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1570.5</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Social Science & History</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1541</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1553</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1548</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1538</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1554</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1557</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1548.5</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Mathematics</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1521</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1543</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1540</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1533</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1550</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1554</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1540.17</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">English</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1528</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1539</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1535</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1523</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1541</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1545</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1535.17</span></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Five or more years of study:<br />
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -.05in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Subject</span></div>
</td> <td colspan="6" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 254pt;" valign="top" width="254"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Total mean scores</span></div>
</td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2011</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2010</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2009</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2008</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2007</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2006</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">mean</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Foreign Languages</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1681</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1681</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1704</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1681</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1706</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1699</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1692</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Natural Sciences</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1644</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1652</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1683</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1653</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1671</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1665</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1661.33</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Mathematics</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1638</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1643</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1669</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1640</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1657</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1652</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1649.83</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Social Science & History</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1607</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1605</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1640</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1609</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1621</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1609</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1615.17</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Arts and Music</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1592</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1585</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1597</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1584</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1600</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1595</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1592.17</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">English</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1585</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1570</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1607</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1580</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1587</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1566</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1582.5</span></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Students who reported taking an AP or Honors course in these subject areas:<br />
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -.05in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Subject</span></div>
</td> <td colspan="6" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 254pt;" valign="top" width="254"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Total mean scores</span></div>
</td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2011</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2010</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2009</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2008</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2007</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2006</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">mean</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Foreign Languages</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1721</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1731</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1733</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1714</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1738</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1736</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1728.83</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Mathematics</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1704</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1713</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1715</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1704</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1729</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1731</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1716</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Natural Sciences</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1705</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1714</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1715</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1702</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1723</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1724</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1713.83</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Arts and Music</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1695</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1704</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1711</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1689</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1710</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1707</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1702.67</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Social Science & History</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1676</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1687</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1690</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1677</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1698</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1701</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1688.17</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">English</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1663</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1674</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1678</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1665</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1686</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1687</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1675.5</span></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Foreign language students start off at the bottom of the barrel in year one. By the third year, they have taken the lead and stay in it solidly the rest of the way. The numbers clearly indicate that the long-term, serious pursuit of a foreign language is associated with significantly higher critical reading, math and writing scores on the SAT to a greater extent than the long-term, serious pursuit of any of the other five subject areas. The fact that this information has been out there for years, needing only to be looked at and put together, makes a person wonder about either the bona fides or the intelligence of those who are behind such things as NCLB, CCSS, STEM, and other schemes for what passes for school reform and improvement in this day and age, all of which mention foreign language instruction either not at all or only as a kind of amusing hobby draining energy and time from important subjects like English. It is indeed curious that if one were to be limited to five choices of subject areas to teach or to study, this particular set of data logically would dictate the elimination of English.<br />
<br />
Probably the distinction between required and elective courses and the prevailing policies of most schools have much to do with these results. Most schools probably require things like mathematics and English for all four high school years, natural sciences and the social sciences for maybe three or four, while foreign languages and the arts are either pure electives or something in between (e.g., perhaps two years are required for kids intending to go to college; or maybe everybody has to take a semester or two of music or art or technology or human development or something of that sort). English and math have been the focus of the high-stakes testing program in Pennsylvania known as the PSSA so they tend to get an awful lot of attention from the education department, school administrators and teachers. Foreign languages don't get a lot of attention. And that is a good thing, given the tendency of the officious know-it-alls in PDE, PSEA and colleges of education to pump out enormous quantities of obfuscatory balderdash on whatever half-baked fad their beady little brains happen to have become focused on. In other words foreign language teachers have the advantage of not being impeded by the burden of figuring out how to deal with a confusing array of such things as "assessment anchors" (with their reporting categories, references, descriptors, cross-walking, eligible content, sample items, etc., etc.) unlike English teachers who have to deal with that whole mess and somehow either use it or pretend to use it in order to teach in such a way as to reduce the odds of the sort of student failure on the PSSA tests that could result in unpleasant consequences for the teacher. Perhaps if good English teachers had more time to actually teach English, students who have to take English for four years might do a bit better on the SAT. Another big factor behind these results is probably the self-selection thing. Naturally subjects which all students are constrained to take will have a higher concentration of the unwilling and unmotivated type of student who doesn't read, think or learn very well. Non-mandatory subjects will tend to have more students characterized by willingness and personal motivation who have some confidence in their ability to do well because they have acquired some reading, thinking and learning skills, or in the case of the arts and music because they have more than ordinary artistic and musical talent. A third part of the probable explanation for these kind of results is simply that there is something about the study of foreign languages that tends to improve a person's mind to a greater extent and in more ways than the study of any other subject.<br />
<br />
The next logical question for me then was to work out which language is associated with the probability of scoring above average on the three SAT tests. Here I've limited my inquiry to the languages offered at my school, one of which (German) is only offered by distance learning, and may in fact have fallen by the wayside by now. [Just as a side note: Chinese and Hebrew students tend to do about as well and sometimes a bit better than Latin students: the Chinese students tend to be really good on the math part of the test, while the Hebrew students, like Latin students, tend to do about the same on all three segments of the test]. A few years ago, one of my better Latin students took this course and did well; he majored in German in college and is currently doing post-graduate work somewhere in Germany. Here are two charts showing first the sets of critical reading, mathematics and writing scores for the past six years for Latin, German, French and Spanish, with the basic national average added so as to make it obvious where each stacks up relative to it, and second the enrollment trends for each of these four languages as measured by the number of students who reported taking at least some quantity of coursework in each language.<br />
<br />
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<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.8pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Subject</span></div>
</td> <td colspan="6" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 254pt;" valign="top" width="254"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Total mean scores</span></div>
</td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.8pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2011</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2010</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2009</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2008</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2007</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2006</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">mean</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.8pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Latin</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1655</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1667</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1670</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1657</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1678</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1668</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1665.83</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.8pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">German</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1583</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1595</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1599</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1594</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1600</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1596</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1594.5</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.8pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">French</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1557</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1569</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1571</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1562</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1582</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1575</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1569.33</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.8pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">National average</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1500</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1509</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1509</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1511</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1511</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1518</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1509.67</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.8pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Spanish</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1496</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1503</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1505</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1494</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1510</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1507</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1502.5</span></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.8pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Subject</span></div>
</td> <td colspan="6" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 254pt;" valign="top" width="254"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">total number of students in thousands</span></div>
</td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.8pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2011</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2010</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2009</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2008</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2007</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2006</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">mean</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.8pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Latin</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">76</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">77</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">77</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">72</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">86</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">87</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">79.17</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.8pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">German</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">53</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">53</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">54</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">52</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">61</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">64</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">56.17</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.8pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">French</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">220</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">214</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">214</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">205</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">236</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">247</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">222.67</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.8pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">total test takers</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1647</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1547</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1530</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1518</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1494</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1465</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1533.5</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.8pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Spanish</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">905</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">890</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">882</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">820</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">870</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">852</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">869.83</span></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
There is perhaps some irony in the circumstance that the number of Latin students (who routinely score about ten percent better than the national average) has decreased by about 11,000, and the number of Spanish students (who routinely score a little under the national average) has increased by about 53,000. Pretty obviously something besides a familiarity with this data and an appreciation for the value of high SAT scores has been driving curriculum, staffing and enrollment decisions. <br />
<br />
In my school (with a total student population in four grades of about 600), the enrollment in Latin IV is -0-, in Latin III -3-, in Latin II -6-, in Latin I -11-, in French IV -0-, in French III -0-, in French II -10- and in French I -25-, in Spanish IV -6-, in Spanish III -16-, in Spanish II, -60-, in Spanish I -90-. We have no AP or Honors courses in foreign languages. Half, or slightly more (at least last year), of our senior class goes to college. With the rather low enrollment in the third and fourth years it appears that some of our students are not making the most of their opportunities.William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-81589537661384615422012-02-26T18:36:00.000-05:002012-02-26T18:36:05.068-05:00Teddy BearsI don't know why this piece of art – or poster – or advertisement – or whatever it is (I stumbled across it somewhere on the internet) appeals to me.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrUsm9QSGDMomvO21Y2wdPek3rF4sd8csPtj82OW12XhU2Ts0hSfnyVSf64USAl_NJFnbo5JwSKaIfMoZGeAmoLVROnlVWflkRd1PpT3CJ1ytZI0IK6_SA0PoEXY1yiccIXtX9gLeQPYI/s1600/396296_10150615620547429_533717428_10881579_1823029198_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrUsm9QSGDMomvO21Y2wdPek3rF4sd8csPtj82OW12XhU2Ts0hSfnyVSf64USAl_NJFnbo5JwSKaIfMoZGeAmoLVROnlVWflkRd1PpT3CJ1ytZI0IK6_SA0PoEXY1yiccIXtX9gLeQPYI/s1600/396296_10150615620547429_533717428_10881579_1823029198_n.jpg" /></a></div><br />
Maybe it's the monster with the jaws that bite and claws that catch – major echoes of Lewis Carroll – the young warrior with his vorpal sword in hand who has been standing by a tum tum tree as if in uffish thought until this jabberwock with eye of flame has come wiffling through the tulgey wood, burbling as he came. The tum tum tree must be off to the left here.<br />
<br />
Maybe it's the allusion to Milne with the Pooh-like teddy and little wooden sword. Where are Eeyore and Tigger? Have they taken refuge off to the left on the other side of the tum tum tree? Are they coming to the aid of their friend?<br />
<br />
Maybe it's the whole 19th century feel to the thing, the juxtaposition of innocence, goodness and purity against the embodiment of evil. Maybe it's the gallant posture of the itty-bitty defender with his itty-bitty weapon.<br />
<br />
I don't know. I just like that brave little bear.William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-52006243921220454822012-02-07T19:54:00.000-05:002012-02-07T19:54:07.716-05:00Who really benefits from putting high-tech gadgets in classrooms?<a href="http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-hiltzik-20120205,0,639053.column">Who really benefits from putting high-tech gadgets in classrooms?</a>William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-44223898025087475482011-09-11T20:26:00.000-04:002011-09-11T20:26:21.402-04:00History of Philosophy (revised)A couple weeks ago, as I was leaving my classroom between class periods and locking the door, I overheard in the classroom next-door another teacher expounding to his students (I think this was a "learning support" class) on a theme generally relating to personal responsibility, discussing the kinds of things we have control over and the kinds of things we don't have control over, his point being that ultimately we only have control over our own selves. In support of the points he was making in this exposition he referred to the well-known dictum, "I think, therefore I am," (he did not include its almost as well-known Latin version, "cogito, ergo sum") which he attributed to the famous 15th century philosopher, Frederick Nietzsche.<br />
<br />
I mentioned this occurrence to a couple other staff people, but quickly noticed from the expressions on their faces that my colleague was likely not alone in his unfamiliarity with some of the basic factual particulars of a couple major figures in the history of philosophy. I stopped mentioning it to anybody, and just started wondering about the general level of unfamiliarity with this sort of thing, and what that virtual nescience might mean, if anything.<br />
<br />
It occurred to me that some months back I had taken note of a poem quoted and comment noted by Guy Davenport in his book, <i>The Hunter Gracchus and Other Papers on Literature & Art </i>(Counterpoint, 1996) in an essay titled "The Comic Muse," a review of <i>The Oxford Book of Comic Verse. </i>The excerpt is from pages 310-311:<br />
<blockquote><i>Why is this humble verse, poet unknown, comic?</i><br />
Carnation milk is the best in the land.<br />
Iʻve got a can of it here in my hand -<br />
No teats to pull, no hay to pitch:<br />
You just punch a hole in the son of a bitch.<br />
<i>Elizabeth the first would have laughed; Victoria wouldn't.</i></blockquote>I noted at the time that if you haven't got a clue who Elizabeth the first and Victoria were, you haven't got a clue what his comment means.<br />
<br />
There was an article in Time in its March 3, 1923, <a href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,881373,00.html">issue</a> concerning the debate at Yale over the desirability of retaining Greek and Latin as requirements for the B.A. degree. The author concluded: <blockquote><i>I</i><i>f the great universities, with their manifold departments and courses and degrees retain no common courses in any way related to the history of the race they will graduate men and women who will have nothing in common but their clothes. They will not even talk the same tongue, though they may all speak a dialect of one language. They will be free and unrestrained individuals. And they will have no ancestors whatever.</i></blockquote>If we have not quite arrived at that point, we are rather considerably closer than we were in 1923. <br />
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</style>William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-46156775540836842092011-08-22T09:44:00.003-04:002011-08-22T11:11:10.436-04:00Postal Service PettinessAccording to my Quicken program, it was on March 5, 2011 that I purchased a roll of a hundred forever (currently 44 cents) stamps and a roll of a hundred 17 cent stamps for $61.00. On Tuesday, August 9, I used two of the last few stamps on that roll of a hundred 17 cent stamps to mail two number 10 envelopes that weighed - according to my fifteen or twenty year old postal scale - between one and two ounces each. They were mailed from Bedford, Pennsylvania, that afternoon respectively to Levittown and McConnellsburg, Pennsylvania.<br />
The following Saturday morning, August 13, the one addressed to McConnellsburg showed up in my post office box bearing a scrawled notation: "postage due 3<style>
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</style><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">¢</span>"</span></span>. I gave the clerk a dollar bill and a piece of my mind while she added three cents worth of postage to the envelope and returned my ninety-seven cents change. Apparently the envelope had been to McConnellsburg and back in the intervening four days. Some fanatical bean-counter in the system somewhere a couple days away had decided to teach a postal regulation scoff-law (yours truly) a lesson and sent the thing back through channels. The other one - same exact weight, same exact amount of postage - has never returned.<br />
The clerk told me she thought the seventeen cent charge for the second and each succeeding ounce on first class mail had been changed to twenty cents around "tax day" (as she put it) - I suppose April 15 or whatever day this year tax returns were due.<br />
I recall seeing nothing about that increase in postal rates. Of course, that doesn't mean that there was no public notice given or that there was not some piece in the newspaper about that time. But I genuinely don't remember seeing anything. Nor has there been any notice posted in the post office, which I visit daily, since I have a post office box, about the three cent increase on the second ounce for first class mail.<br />
Apparently I have been mailing things that weighed more than one ounce with at least three cents postage due on them since the middle of April. It took me a total of about five months to use up the hundred seventeen cent stamps. I am now the proud owner of a roll of twenty cent stamps (purchased August 11), which I have been using conscientiously. <br />
My initial reaction was to feel ill-used by the Postal Service; however, now I am wondering whether a humble penitence would not be more appropriate. After all, about four-fifths of my mailings of more than one ounce the last five months have been three cents short. That would work out to a free ride of about two dollars and forty cents I have enjoyed at the expense of the Postal Service. Maybe I should send them a check, or better yet, buy two hundred forty one cent stamps (or a hundred twenty two cent stamps or eighty three cent stamps) and just put them indiscriminately, if entirely unnecessarily, on envelopes until I've used them all up.<br />
Still, I could wish the Postal Service had been as scrupulous about giving public notice of this rate change as it has been about warning potential armed robbers about the consequences of their intended crime, as in this poster prominently displayed on the door of my local post office:<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibKaH4r-sQk7-hxS_45t0sDXSF6j0xkjqtdqU_RYenbmNW00AG6i-XvVawK4hvMH3oLe8tVNBEuKazyCLhBj4kMAx1lUneiSkzj1lYcCnT5wqCFSx_9AjlbIjBsehBWnPackJOutzuzW8/s1600/postal+notice.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibKaH4r-sQk7-hxS_45t0sDXSF6j0xkjqtdqU_RYenbmNW00AG6i-XvVawK4hvMH3oLe8tVNBEuKazyCLhBj4kMAx1lUneiSkzj1lYcCnT5wqCFSx_9AjlbIjBsehBWnPackJOutzuzW8/s320/postal+notice.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>There must be scores if not hundreds of drug or alcohol-addled, marginally literate, firearm wielding felons dumb enough to want to steal a bunch of junk mail, social security checks or rolls of twenty cent stamps who have been definitively deterred by this very scary, very red notice. It certainly got my notice.William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-78591564582459415012011-08-15T11:45:00.003-04:002011-08-20T11:27:10.448-04:00Contemporary Nonfiction - Latin used well; Latin used poorly<div style="text-align: center;"> I - Well</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div>It was over the winter just past that I discovered David Foster Wallace, in the form of his essay for Harper's Magazine (April, 2001) entitled "Tense Present: Democracy, English and the Wars over Usage," ostensibly a review of Bryan Garner's <i>A Dictionary of Modern American Usage</i>, but actually a very winningly articulated discussion of the "usage wars," in which he seems to lay the groundwork for a kind of post-prescriptivism that would combine a friendly good sense with a sane respect for tradition.<br />
<br />
He begins his piece with the tag: <i>"Dilige et quod vis fac. - St. Augustine</i>." In a way this sums up his basic point about close questions of usage. Who, however, would realize that? The Latin is from the seventh of a series of homilies by this Patristic author on the First Letter of John in the New Testament. In Latin the name of this collection is <a href="http://www.augustinus.it/latino/commento_lsg/index2.htm">In Epistolam Ioannis ad Parthos Tractatus Decem</a>. Here is the section of this sermon containing this line: <br />
<br />
<b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=6369718047627253826&postID=7859156458245941501" name="GE_007_008_008"></a></b><i>Hoc diximus in similibus factis. In diversis factis, invenimus saevientem hominem factum de caritate; et blandum factum de iniquitate. Puerum caedit pater, et mango blanditur. Si duas res proponas, plagas et blandimenta; quis non eligat blandimenta, et fugiat plagas? Si personas attendas, caritas caedit, blanditur iniquitas. Videte quid commendamus, quia non discernuntur facta hominum, nisi de radice caritatis. Nam multa fieri possunt quae speciem habent bonam, et non procedunt de radice caritatis. Habent enim et spinae flores: quaedam vero videntur aspera, videntur truculenta; sed fiunt ad disciplinam dictante caritate. Semel ergo breve praeceptum tibi praecipitur: Dilige, et quod vis fac: sive taceas, dilectione taceas; sive clames, dilectione clames; sive emendes, dilectione emendes; sive parcas, dilectione parcas: radix sit intus dilectionis, non potest de ista radice nisi bonum existere.</i><br />
<br />
You can find a translation at the <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/170207.htm">New Advent</a> website. It can scarcely be more conservative and traditional than to cite St. Augustine for anything these days, but of course, like most condensations of wisdom, there is undoubted truth in this nugget, even if, misunderstood, half-understood, or twisted by fanaticism, it could be advanced as justification for the worst sorts of wickedness. <br />
<br />
Was Wallace familiar with the source - i.e., had he read Augustine in the original Latin - or was he aware of the quote from elsewhere - note that as a string in quotes the Latin sentence fetches some 227,000 hits on Google? Or is the more pertinent question really what sort of readership had Wallace in mind. Consider the other sprinkles of Latin in the essay:<br />
<ul><li>Not more than a couple pages later, we encounter the second Latin expression: "<i>A Dictionary of Modern American Usage</i> has no Editorial Staff or Distinguished Panel. Itʻs conceived, researched, and written <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases_%28A%29"><i>ab ovo usque ad mala</i></a> by Bryan Garner." (p. 42) </li>
<li>On the same page he appends a footnote [he loves footnotes] to the use of a cardinal number in stating the age of an individual: "(7. Garner prescribes spelling out only numbers under ten. I was taught that this rule applies just to Business Writing and that in all other modes you spell out one through nineteen and start using cardinals at 20. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_gustibus_non_est_disputandum">De gustibus non est disputandum</a>.</i>)<i>"</i> </li>
<li>Another shot of Latin is not injected until page 46, again in another footnote: "19 Standard Written English (SWE) is also sometimes called Standard English (SE) or Educated English, but the inditement-emphasis is the same. SEMI-INTERPOLATION Plus note that Garnerʻs Preface explicitly names ADMAUʻs intended audience as "writers and editors." And even ads for the dictionary in such organs as <i>The New York Review of Books</i> are built around the slogan "If you like to WRITE. . . <b>Refer to us</b>." (Yr. snoot rev. cannot help observing, w/r/t these ads. that the opening <i>r</i> in <b>Refer</b> here should not be capitalized after a dependent clause + ellipse -- <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeric_nod">Quandoque bonus dormitat Homerus</a>.</i>)" </li>
<li>Not until page 51 do we encounter a little more Latin, this time the title of a book, again in a footnote: "33 (Q.v. for example Sir Thomas Smithʻs cortex-withering <i>De Recta et Emendata Linguae Anglicae Scriptione Diologus</i> of 1568.)" [note that unfortunately a spelling error has intruded - <i>Diologus </i>should of course be <i>Dialogus - </i>and note if youʻre interested you can get a reprint of the book from <a href="http://www.amazon.com/emendata-linguae-anglicae-scriptione-dialogus/dp/B0041Q3GLY">Amazon</a>]. </li>
<li>The last bit of Latin appears at page 57: "Garner recognizes something that neither of the dogmatic camps appears to get: Given 40 years of the Usage Wars, "authority" is no longer something a lexicographer can just presume <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases_%28E%29">ex officio</a>."</i> </li>
</ul>I have provided links to Wikipedia explanations of all these expressions. Note that Wallace never offers a translation or explanation (other than what may be gleaned from his immediate context). But note as well that every use of a Latin expression adds something, ordinarily to the meaning itself of what he is saying, but in every instance certainly to the tone and style with which he says it. Still remains the question what sort of person did Wallace expect would be reading this? Certainly he was assuming a readership such that either he did not even consider using English equivalents instead of the Latin, or he considered and rejected the idea.<br />
<br />
I pass over the fact that Wallace does not seem to have a solid grasp of the Latin abbreviation <i>q.v. (quod vide). </i>He uses it on three occasions. In each, as in footnote 33 page 51, he seems to really mean <i>vide</i>. At least he does not use <i>cf. </i>when he only wants to suggest that the reader look at something else.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">II - Poorly</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div>In contrast to the deft and appropriate use of Latin in Wallace's article, consider this passage from another book I recently read, Diane Ravitch's "<i>The Death and Life of the Great American School System", </i>pp. 166-7: "When we define what matters in education only by what we can measure, we are in serious trouble. When that happens, we tend to forget that schools are responsible for shaping character, developing sound minds in healthy bodies (<i>mens sana in corpore sano</i>), and forming citizens for our democracy, not just for teaching basic skills." Here, the Latin is almost perfectly pointless. It is nothing more than a sort of translation into Latin of the preceding English phrase "sound minds in healthy bodies" - I say sort of since it ignores the plural/singular issue so as to stay with the proverbial original. It adds no twist or comment. It is a mere redundancy. It seems to have been added - and parenthetically at that - only as some kind of citation to ancient authority in support of the proposition that it is a good idea to have a sound mind in a healthy body. For some 160 pages I had been following her arguments, thinking them pretty sound and pretty effectively marshaled, and only mildly annoyed by her habit of name-dropping, when this infelicity appeared. It leaves me wondering why on earth did she bother dropping this Latin nugget into her sentence. Recall that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Ravitch">author</a> holds a doctorate in history, writes extensively on the history of education, and has filled a number of impressively named posts in government (Bush I and Clinton administrations) and private institutions. This is all the Latin she could muster in support of any of the ideas in her book? William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-18179792172000645632011-08-02T16:46:00.018-04:002011-08-02T20:26:34.483-04:00Poe's preface to The Pit and the PendulumWhat's up with prefaces in Latin?<br />
<br />
Consider Poe's 1842 story The Pit and the Pendulum, which he introduces with this pair of elegiac couplets: <br />
<br />
<i>Impia tortorum longos hic turba furores,<br />
sanguinis innocui non satiata, aluit.<br />
Sospite nunc patria, fracto nunc funeris antro, <br />
Mors ubi dira fuit, vita salusque patent.</i><br />
<br />
He adds this note: "a quatrain composed for the gates of a market to be erected upon the site of the Jacobin Club at Paris." He apparently got the lines <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=kU4FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA581#v=onepage&q&f=false">here</a>. <br />
<br />
This introduction sums up the entire story. The <i>impia. . . turba. . .sanguinis innocui non satiata</i> - the bloodthirsty Inquisition dedicated to rooting out and destroying religious heresy - can hardly not be equated with the Jacobin Club - the bloodthirsty revolutionaries dedicated to rooting out and destroying political heresy. This unholy mob has fed its longlasting insanity, but now the land has been made safe, the murderous pit has been eradicated and where once there was terrible death, now there is life and well-being. In short, the narrator will not die. There will be a rescue.<br />
<br />
This might seem to imply that for the author the ending of the story has almost no importance [note that this notion derives some support from the very abruptness and brevity of the concluding paragraph of the story], that the key thing is to have his reader focus on the elegant effectiveness of his evocation of the dread, terror and despair of someone undergoing this sort of physical and psychological torture. Of course the ending is not without any importance. Probably it was also one of the objects of the author to induce by means of his artistry, not only the necessary suspension of disbelief for any work of fiction, but also a certain oblivion with respect to the already known outcome. In other words one wonders more at the power of the prose for having been duped by it into vicariously participating in the narrator's struggle for life in the midst of such desperate circumstances. Note that without this consideration, the whole conceit seems silly: since the tale is told by a narrator, obviously he must have survived the experience in order to be telling it. With the preface Poe puts the silliness on the table and says to his intelligent reader: "I know you know how it ends - I just told you - now come with me into the mind and body of this narrator and watch me recreate the experience."<br />
<br />
Poe could assume a readership adequate to his Latin preface in 1842, a readership knowledgeable about the major events of the relatively recent (within the preceding forty or fifty years) upheaval in France. I doubt that this is any longer the case. Indeed it is probable nowadays that not one in ten thousand high school English teachers (nor one in a million of their students) can read and understand this Latin preface, or know a Jacobin from a jack-ass. <br />
<br />
If only a very few actually "get" the preface and its relation to the story, what really is the point of teaching The Pit and the Pendulum in the modern classroom? Is there much left of the story without the preface besides overwrought 19th century guff?William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-76282598246475278262011-07-29T14:17:00.003-04:002011-08-01T12:03:39.420-04:00More Movie Latin<i>Les rivières pourpres</i> is the title of a 1997 crime novel by French author Jean-Christophe Grangé. The book incorporates a pair of engagingly iconoclastic cops, some villainous academic types plotting world domination by eugenics and the fast pace of a typical pot-boiler. The author teamed up with Mathieu Kassovits (who played Nino Quincampoix in <i>Le fabuleux destin d'Amélie Poulain</i>) to write a screen-play, and the movie (English title - <i>The Crimson Rivers</i>) directed by Kassovits, became a big hit upon its release in 2000, according to Wikipedia "grossing $60 million in worldwide theatrical release."<br />
<br />
The novel doesn't have a word of Latin in it, the movie otherwise. The headquarters of the villainous academic types is the Pôle Universitaire et Sportif de Guernon - somewhere in the French Alps. The logo for the place looks like this:<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-BlXx5OhBkeNAXj06JWUOxArcqv03-sFKXr-O98knykRy_u7Te-3qSbjZGMdjCXizFnXtn3obgqehiDjDBS3r06jbhUb-YKCAPvLeb3MUboNQT8L9AJmNLUxxoHyqoEipjFhWOzQmIT8/s1600/logo+cropped.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-BlXx5OhBkeNAXj06JWUOxArcqv03-sFKXr-O98knykRy_u7Te-3qSbjZGMdjCXizFnXtn3obgqehiDjDBS3r06jbhUb-YKCAPvLeb3MUboNQT8L9AJmNLUxxoHyqoEipjFhWOzQmIT8/s320/logo+cropped.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br />
This appears on walls, shirts, jackets, etc. The Latin is, of course, the very familiar quote excerpted from Juvenal's Satires (10.356: <i>orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano.</i>)<br />
<br />
Besides this reference to the Silver Age satirist, a reference to one of the premier Golden Age poets shows up in a plaque that appears on a wall shortly after the arrival of Commissaire Niemans in Guernon:<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvh0HqRoQ7_KxOQh72K3GODqV_oF1hM3BkSALPw132gHNF6sRedLvDrPsf476vLDHSbEAMNeWyEnW8Rd0FmYtV8Al2VJA9rK7aYTMVXj7KqxyH441qEXpVOokrghBw7IjHyOdo3GryX-M/s1600/heureux+cropped.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="157" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvh0HqRoQ7_KxOQh72K3GODqV_oF1hM3BkSALPw132gHNF6sRedLvDrPsf476vLDHSbEAMNeWyEnW8Rd0FmYtV8Al2VJA9rK7aYTMVXj7KqxyH441qEXpVOokrghBw7IjHyOdo3GryX-M/s320/heureux+cropped.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br />
Here we have a rendering in French of Vergil's line, <i>Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas</i>, from the Georgics (Book II, line 490), and kind of a subtle, clever little thing equally apt for the detectives who will get to the bottom of things and for the Dr. Frankenstein imitators who think they have thought up a way to re-engineer the race. There is a reasonable possibility this is an intentional allusion on the part of the filmmakers since the phrase had shown up in an Astérix et Obélix story - <i>Astérix en Corse (1973) - </i>when the pirates experienced an explosion brought on by a Corsican cheese (<i>Explosion provoquée par un fromage Corse</i>), and since the line fetches over a hundred thousand French hits when googled in quotes.<br />
<br />
So far so good. However, things start breaking down when the Latin gets carved in stone, or what passes for stone in a film. This appears above the entrance to one of the main buildings:<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBu8R3y2kMwexmpjfTQxraZi6EljaQkTQhTwLAVnyhw2oZPNdeb5YAZF3y27avIhN_j6nHsx0L3Lov1QX_cjPDYsl7fQ4dClEH99OoDN2wB7Oc_FH7KohWq2E-3xDH67nYvKgwVi2s0Ww/s1600/IMG_0133.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBu8R3y2kMwexmpjfTQxraZi6EljaQkTQhTwLAVnyhw2oZPNdeb5YAZF3y27avIhN_j6nHsx0L3Lov1QX_cjPDYsl7fQ4dClEH99OoDN2wB7Oc_FH7KohWq2E-3xDH67nYvKgwVi2s0Ww/s320/IMG_0133.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>It looks like this is a Latin rendering of what Grangé has one of the murdered villains (victim #2) write in his notebook (from page 199 of the novel), with the addition of the word "Scientia" (knowledge) above it:<span style="font-size: small;"><i> </i></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>NOUS SOMMES LES MAÎTRES, NOUS SOMMES LES ESCLAVES.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>NOUS SOMMES PARTOUT, NOUS SOMMES NULLE PART.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>NOUS SOMMES LES ARPE</i></span><span style="font-size: small;"><i>NTEURS.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>NOUS MAÎTRISONS LES RIVIÈRES POURPRES.</i></span></div><style>
@font-face {
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Note that the reference to surveyors has been omitted and the word "<i>sumus</i>" (we are) both prominently and ambiguously (but fittingly for a lapidary style) placed so as to seem to apply, one surmises, not only to "<i>scientia</i>" (which may possibly be in the ablative case - though that possibility may be no more than a happy accident and in which case the verb might more appropriately be "<i>fimus</i>" or possibly "<i>facti sumus</i>") but also to the other nominal and adverbial predicates in the French. The problem is "<i>purpereis rivis</i>". The case is right, since "<i>imperare</i>" governs the dative, but the spelling of "crimson" is amiss; it should be "<i>purpureis</i>." As a color adjective it should follow its noun. The other troubling thing is that the word "<i>rivis</i>" is off as a translation for "<i>rivières</i>" - "<i>cours d'eau naturel de moyenne importance ou qui se jette dans un autre cours d'eau (opposé à fleuve)</i>" (Le Robert Micro). Better would have been any of the usual Latin synonyms for river: "<i>flumen</i>" or "<i>fluvius</i>" or "<i>amnis</i>." A "<i>rivus</i>" on the other hand is a "small stream of water, a brook" (Lewis and Short).<br />
<br />
When we get to the first murdered villain's notebook, things take a decided turn for the worse. This is apparently the poor fellow's doctoral thesis and has a leather cover with another translation of the manifesto embossed on it, like this (sorry for the drastic cropping; couldn't get a good (legible) shot of the whole thing):<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilcZHckOpq-Go40udYQMHI4gs6_iQ7o645ADzWdJE7ni9grcPOZd8a0w0k1nx6Mk5SIspJL5tGVV3BsOajbiOGjlcEQc_atjfOYVoTbEVdePUsCFo1ZWhUPLmxCOyuoTg01VuXi9UWuGk/s1600/cahier+cropped.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilcZHckOpq-Go40udYQMHI4gs6_iQ7o645ADzWdJE7ni9grcPOZd8a0w0k1nx6Mk5SIspJL5tGVV3BsOajbiOGjlcEQc_atjfOYVoTbEVdePUsCFo1ZWhUPLmxCOyuoTg01VuXi9UWuGk/s320/cahier+cropped.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>As best I can tell this reads:<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">DOMINI SUMUS. SUMUS SERVI.</div><div style="text-align: center;">UBICUMQUE. NUSQUAMQUE.</div><div style="text-align: center;">VERSAMUR PURPUREIS.</div><div style="text-align: center;">LUMINIBUS IMPERAMUS.</div>There are three problems with the Latin. There seem to be way too many periods (why would we be dwelling, staying, living, remaining or abiding in or with crimson things; or simply being or being circumstanced or situated with crimson things; or being occupied, busied or engaged with crimson things - "<i>versamur purpureis</i>" - when it would make more sense to assert that "we are (or abide) everywhere and nowhere? i.e., take "<i>versamur</i>" with both preceding adverbs and "<i>imperamus</i>" with the two words preceding it, as it is in the French). The translator has used the wrong word "<i>ubicumque</i>" (in whatever place, wherever; somewhere, wherever that may be ) for "<i>ubique</i>" (in every place, everywhere). And somebody left the "F" off "<i>luminibus</i>" which without that "F" means "lights" not "rivers". As might have been expected the subtitling is even worse:<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSptHB__F9rBsatQRNuVVHIlqEGpEodlUyHJlOIo5EIY8Pv63nUs5VAYWQ5OOKKdICeIC9aXqUS7kdImCcM3vDR4Ts-EmZNCmSXnk3y83pjvvIjCekOcM8yLdptNGMpNndGGQwJhZET0g/s1600/IMG_0317.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSptHB__F9rBsatQRNuVVHIlqEGpEodlUyHJlOIo5EIY8Pv63nUs5VAYWQ5OOKKdICeIC9aXqUS7kdImCcM3vDR4Ts-EmZNCmSXnk3y83pjvvIjCekOcM8yLdptNGMpNndGGQwJhZET0g/s320/IMG_0317.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>This is subtitling so carelessly done as to seem surpassingly stupid, since there was no need to translate anything, just to read, i.e., print, the words written on the top line of the leather notebook cover: <i>domini sumus. sumus servi. </i><br />
<br />
Is it impossible for a film with a 14 million dollar budget to get a decent quality Latinist on board? <i> </i>What would the Latin look like in a better rendering? There are no doubt dozens of possibilities, but here is one rather straightforward suggestion (restoring the surveyor reference but eliminating the anaphora):<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><i>Nos, simul domini servique, fluminibus purpureis imperantes, </i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>mensores, et ubique et nusquam versamur.</i><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">So, just a suggestion, Christophe, or Mathieu, or whoever does <i>Les rivières pourpres III</i>. . . Feel free to drop me a line the next time you think it's a good idea to punch up the symbolism in your next screen-play with a little Latin.<br />
<br />
It has occurred to me since posting this originally that the fault may lie not so much with the contributor of the Latin rendering as with those who executed that contribution by preparing the stone inscription and the leather note-book cover. Certainly it would be rather unexpected to have tech people and other artisans who had upper-level Latin composition skills. I suppose that once the project got into the editing room - if indeed anybody even at that point noticed the problems - it was too late to do anything about it. </div></div>William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-24834723182754768242011-07-21T09:14:00.001-04:002011-10-10T16:01:19.984-04:00time machineI think I'll invent a time machine, kind of a cool looking box like one of those Apple computers, that start at $599, like this:<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC2KKK7QDNGjXENwIaKtmhGvrzNN-Kv-YWANZEiOPtFfO4Jet9gtTUh7gV_oZitD_zP-BD1QMGBb8N7MevX9VtGiwgKBFnrXAy3nc6YBUBkcCe5I97Z27Ulut75W_ud9os_561mstVRf0/s1600/Picture+1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="91" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC2KKK7QDNGjXENwIaKtmhGvrzNN-Kv-YWANZEiOPtFfO4Jet9gtTUh7gV_oZitD_zP-BD1QMGBb8N7MevX9VtGiwgKBFnrXAy3nc6YBUBkcCe5I97Z27Ulut75W_ud9os_561mstVRf0/s320/Picture+1.png" width="320" /></a></div><br />
On my flat little squarish thing with rounded corners and the logo on top (note: I might skip the logo since the apple is probably proprietary and a watermelon would be too big, a grape too small, and a banana too long, yellow and phallicky. . . maybe I could try a negative image of itself - a slick drawing from a unique perspective - scaled down to about the same ratios as this one . . . oh, I don't know; I hate having to be creative) just as with this one, there wouldn't even be a button to start it. You'd just put it on your desk or coffee table and it would apparently do nothing for what would seem like forever and then at some unspecified, undesignated, indeterminate time in the future it would just work and suddenly you would see some kind of touch screen in the air hovering over it with images and text for suggested times and places to go visit in the past - maybe clickable ads for popular venues and things to wear and drink when you're there - and a box you could type in some address or other like Google Earth with a date and time of day, and then, zoom, you'd just go there to that place and time. Yes, you could type, because the thing would be projecting a holographic keyboard like this nifty little gizmo here:<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn-cI1sb-2Y_68vBZlAssb7Z9e0CeeAGsmpTM7P3RftxwMudJbu3N7W85xJvIaFhkwlURKikkTgs9oqvOSvlcMbPQyUrJC8IRf9i037dOYOG2EJCAFOJ9ortxJBGjjJu2AvWQK1qDa6Jg/s1600/Picture+2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn-cI1sb-2Y_68vBZlAssb7Z9e0CeeAGsmpTM7P3RftxwMudJbu3N7W85xJvIaFhkwlURKikkTgs9oqvOSvlcMbPQyUrJC8IRf9i037dOYOG2EJCAFOJ9ortxJBGjjJu2AvWQK1qDa6Jg/s320/Picture+2.png" width="320" /></a></div><br />
The more specific the coordinates of the location on the space-time continuum you input, the better chance you would have of not ending up in a wall or a freeway or congress or something.<br />
<br />
While waiting for it to become active, you'd just go about your daily life, such as it is and whatever it is. Or you could sit and stare at it like a TV. I could even invent a remote for it. There would be no apparent effect from clicking up or down the range of channels, but the exercise might have something to do with the mechanism for the activation of the machine itself. Probably most people would not notice any difference between doing this with the time-travel box and doing it with regular TV.<br />
<br />
Whatever time and place you pick to time-travel to, the box would instantaneously give you fully developed skills in the language spoken and written there, so you could understand Homeric Greek or Elizabethan English or the Italian of the Renaissance or Rap Music without having to buy Rosetta Stone. I think it would do this by a process of molecular transformation of your brain which would be necessarily incidental to the manipulation of the time-space continuum entailed by time travel in the first place. Or maybe there would be a sort of wireless upload direct to the brain of something digitalized from the stem-cells of geniuses. Wait, both those ideas sound a little unscientific. This might be better. The box, upon becoming active, does its little number and sends itself far enough into the future where somebody smarter than I am has thought all this out, uploads whatever app is necessary for it to handle this language thing and then returns to your desk or coffee table instantaneously as if nothing had happened and you were still just staring at it, waiting for something to happen, idly clicking the remote.<br />
<br />
Ooh ooh, I just remembered, it probably would be necessary add a thing in the holographic touch screen so you could set a duration for the trip, since once you got back to, say, the Renaissance, you'd have to wait a significantly longer time for the box to be invented in order to program yourself back to the present. Most people probably would not live that long. On the other hand, suppose you changed your mind and wanted to stay there, or you're in the middle something you really want to finish and forgot what time it was. . . Needs more thought. Or maybe I could just have the box include a life-expectancy enhancer as part of the overall time-travel experience which the box is capable of producing. . . yeah, that's it, some kind of a cross between a five hour energy drink, Viagra and penicillin. Or, maybe, wait a minute, okay, got it now - the experience includes a mind operated homing device like GPS: you just think yourself back to your original space-time continuum coordinates.<br />
<br />
Or would it be better to have the box create some kind of eco-friendly vehicle for your time-space transportation pleasure, maybe like this? <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWWILY_fYugi4gsDJcSUQvUIc-RjOfxLonJao_CGJ2TrSgV12_4pJw5t3ohUBXn_i522BGwdJB9ve9cCNq1ZbTmd2pVkQbbxVNuYHMJ1ev_TUDba6lvaA-AmbDhPN7h_txPaThObvRNkU/s1600/Picture+4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWWILY_fYugi4gsDJcSUQvUIc-RjOfxLonJao_CGJ2TrSgV12_4pJw5t3ohUBXn_i522BGwdJB9ve9cCNq1ZbTmd2pVkQbbxVNuYHMJ1ev_TUDba6lvaA-AmbDhPN7h_txPaThObvRNkU/s320/Picture+4.png" width="320" /> </a></td><td style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">(All I did here was google "weird ass electric cars" and this is one of the coolest images that popped up.)</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</td></tr>
</tbody></table> Or maybe this one is cooler? At least it's a little more aerodynamic.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj46cG_-eklrRJK5_HSHn-AFf8Oa1f8oTrTrmWM71JCrMfi8m_HmObjHMY8DEcrNBNwL1mYIy0D-WzE2UTlKfWlJo2mp_8AdjaWtj79CV3v7yZAzex14h161veI7giRdpnbi4m19J34_wo/s1600/Picture+5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="108" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj46cG_-eklrRJK5_HSHn-AFf8Oa1f8oTrTrmWM71JCrMfi8m_HmObjHMY8DEcrNBNwL1mYIy0D-WzE2UTlKfWlJo2mp_8AdjaWtj79CV3v7yZAzex14h161veI7giRdpnbi4m19J34_wo/s320/Picture+5.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">(Believe it or not, this sleek little dark charmer was on the same page as the geek-mobile above.)</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>Nawh, that's not such a good idea. Consider the effect on folks in the time and place you choose to visit. I can't even imagine how freaked out the ordinary people of the time would be if either of these cool sets of wheels dropped out of the sky in the middle, say, of a medieval French village while peasants were just going about their late morning daily squalor and ignorance. It probably would be necessary to do an immediate time-travel re-set to prevent a pitchfork attack by a mob of desperately stupid villagers. Good thing I thought of that mind operated homing device. But why not avoid all that in the first place and just skip the car thing?<br />
<br />
I'm not sure what happens after the box becomes active and you start time-traveling. I guess you could just go on time-traveling forever, although it is not clear what the term forever could reasonably mean. Maybe the short answer is that there there would be no point to the question, since basically for the thing to have become active there would have to have been some kind of holistic paradigm shift in the composition of the universe of such a kind and nature as to have caused to be filled, of its own volition - as it were - and without any apparent physical explanation, a perfectly empty, though really cool looking, box with some kind of time-travel circuit wizardry. Obviously, if that can happen then pretty much anything can happen. William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-44764186961811766802011-05-31T08:38:00.000-04:002011-05-31T08:38:20.812-04:00Latin and the SATThere is some interesting statistical information for Latin teachers and students in the 2010 College-Bound Seniors Total Group Profile Report by the College Board. It is accessible here: <a href="http://professionals.collegeboard.com/data-reports-research/sat/cb-seniors-2010">http://professionals.collegeboard.com/data-reports-research/sat/cb-seniors-2010</a><br />
<br />
The information suggests a little inquiry into how students who take Latin fare on the Reading, Mathematics and Writing tests vis-a-vis students who take other languages and vis-a-vis students taking other subjects (not necessarily excluding foreign languages as well, I suppose). The base line is the average for all 1.5 million test-takers (Table 1):<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_ExUAd4rGCqxb5N7jdW7UQI54ew9ZZw0RvWgmUQ_Hij1rE_bzmsnn-CXS5mghd4-L5NJZbEfP6Pcq4_eec7CoNqND-KlWueIHc8y2jDJ-szM6Jj4UEZ9fkL8NpXxkatyoqtKCBDyHDM/s1600/Table+1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="71" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_ExUAd4rGCqxb5N7jdW7UQI54ew9ZZw0RvWgmUQ_Hij1rE_bzmsnn-CXS5mghd4-L5NJZbEfP6Pcq4_eec7CoNqND-KlWueIHc8y2jDJ-szM6Jj4UEZ9fkL8NpXxkatyoqtKCBDyHDM/s400/Table+1.png" width="400" /></a></div>Table 17 offers SAT mean scores for students taking different foreign languages, both by language and years pursued (including AP/Honors Courses). <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtJ5LDoKp8q2BzLek7zdG7sW57UfvXHJoxaJYZdPaNXyfTJvQ9zaoCd7_T_UjW0OvOmN8BgosrgA10befcrCgIvTOeLGvq21Bjm9w12j29Od2bUWjYr9pYUYdGLsEvVvyLwMd9MGFU5RM/s1600/table+17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtJ5LDoKp8q2BzLek7zdG7sW57UfvXHJoxaJYZdPaNXyfTJvQ9zaoCd7_T_UjW0OvOmN8BgosrgA10befcrCgIvTOeLGvq21Bjm9w12j29Od2bUWjYr9pYUYdGLsEvVvyLwMd9MGFU5RM/s400/table+17.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>In the total of the mean scores, Latin (1667) is exceeded only by Chinese (1702). Latin is 50 to 60 points above the national average on each of the three mean scores. Spanish is almost dead on the national average. French - the other subject I teach - is in between. There are almost 11 times the number of Spanish students as Latin Students and almost three times the number of French students. As one would have suspected students who have taken an AP/Honors course or have pursued the study of a language at least four years or both, have significantly higher reading, math and writing mean scores than those who have not. Unfortunately this particular sub-set of data is not broken down by language. Where Latin stacks up with respect to correlations with other course work is more fully developed in Tables 15 - 18 (the others of which I am not going to cut and paste here). In these the figures indicate that of all the other course work mentioned (ten for English, five for Math, five for sciences, ten for History, eight for the Arts, six for Computers, as well as the nine other Foreign Languages besides Latin), only those taking Calculus (total mean scores: 1748 for 356,931 students) and Chinese (total mean scores: 1702 for 29,231 students) have higher mean SAT scores than were achieved by the 76,904 takers of Latin courses (total mean scores: 1667). <br />
<br />
Just as one comparison - since courses revolving around the operation of computers seem to be proliferating - here is the same set of mean scores correlated with courses in, e.g., computer literacy, computer programming and the like. Since these are all around or close to the average scores, there would seem to be little correlation between these academic pursuits and better than average SAT scores.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhy0Ee9iXzIZQUgfW4jfKCOepjJDCo4YtJ1UngpR7y51KKVt9acX0-2g_0j9OaE6uFcb4AHswSNG51vp-bas6V8Lh86OmbLU9sxV-xS99BcqxmSHzNdp5mr9ghI_bElcEKaZNA3wBdV_0/s1600/table+18+excerpt.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="88" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhy0Ee9iXzIZQUgfW4jfKCOepjJDCo4YtJ1UngpR7y51KKVt9acX0-2g_0j9OaE6uFcb4AHswSNG51vp-bas6V8Lh86OmbLU9sxV-xS99BcqxmSHzNdp5mr9ghI_bElcEKaZNA3wBdV_0/s400/table+18+excerpt.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Table 20 offers the same data for students who took various subject tests. I break this down into two tables, one for the language tests and the other for English, History, Math and Science tests.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5VeStUz9_9woACKh5jUY5H4o-5u6R0G1NEUVngZxP0zAGJ1BWM7iZlUCJ6YGdSf-TbkFOqLabeVOxAmKTyahOIlHl2Ar5jR8UF0ZTXpRwzi_QV2SFUjFx2ucYeJnElgcfY1qssuNhVN4/s1600/table+20+excerpt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="137" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5VeStUz9_9woACKh5jUY5H4o-5u6R0G1NEUVngZxP0zAGJ1BWM7iZlUCJ6YGdSf-TbkFOqLabeVOxAmKTyahOIlHl2Ar5jR8UF0ZTXpRwzi_QV2SFUjFx2ucYeJnElgcfY1qssuNhVN4/s400/table+20+excerpt.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7z9hn5NNTEsoi5O_OsHUr8tBqiwH6Tv4-Y6mtVzUl_T7RtqxSEM5PsCjrxX-ywF2dHEiRazLJaHnALR9vIyDc_wkWz4BKxwec6ciC5VvX7Pt_wGt9p9vEJA5wqiaXg2phZtM55uF3Dw0/s1600/Table+20+a.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7z9hn5NNTEsoi5O_OsHUr8tBqiwH6Tv4-Y6mtVzUl_T7RtqxSEM5PsCjrxX-ywF2dHEiRazLJaHnALR9vIyDc_wkWz4BKxwec6ciC5VvX7Pt_wGt9p9vEJA5wqiaXg2phZtM55uF3Dw0/s400/Table+20+a.png" width="400" /></a></div><br />
This tends to suggest that for students with sufficient confidence in a subject to sign up for a subject test, among foreign language students Latin students are easily in the top position with respect to their mean scores in Reading and Writing, and second only to Chinese students in Math (by only 3 points). I note that all the scores on this chart are way above the national averages, though again Spanish students are in the bottom position relative to the others. The Latin students also outscore in their mean Reading, Math and Writing scores all others testing in English, History, Math and Science, with the exception of Chemistry and Physics students who outscore them in Math. I suspect it is also noteworthy that the standard deviation on the three main tests for those taking the Latin subject test is the lowest of the whole bunch, indicating that these scores are all clustered more tightly around the numerical average. <br />
<br />
One other interesting comparison is found in the tables on the Subject Tests Score Distributions (tables 21 - 24). I include here only table 24:<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWpqYQe4HVGl06iFLdaqcgJEB6nMRF2uR1CAjyIEbvjO7p9U5Ueklirue8QIrGFH5vSrsuXoxyrQMU2kdnyFR3GWblL4eYIKgWL59WqYu8hAxOzAIcZDpUu291k5GlG9x2eYHGvasMxb4/s1600/Picture+2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWpqYQe4HVGl06iFLdaqcgJEB6nMRF2uR1CAjyIEbvjO7p9U5Ueklirue8QIrGFH5vSrsuXoxyrQMU2kdnyFR3GWblL4eYIKgWL59WqYu8hAxOzAIcZDpUu291k5GlG9x2eYHGvasMxb4/s400/Picture+2.png" width="400" /></a></div>Table 23 shows similar distributions for Chinese, French, German and Hebrew. It looks like Latin students were the least prepared to perform at the highest level on their particular subject test of any students taking any language subject test, and the distribution of their scores was almost even in each 50th from 800 down to 500. Nevertheless, as was obvious from Table 20, there is something about this particular group of 2,874 students which is correlated with a set of very high mean SAT scores. <br />
<br />
I really don't know what that something is. There may be something about Latin that leads those who pursue its study for several years to have a higher than average competency level in reading comprehension, mathematical reasoning and writing skills. On the other hand, those who have higher than average competency levels in reading comprehension, mathematical reasoning and writing skills may gravitate (or be pushed) toward the study of Latin. Maybe there is something to both explanations.<br />
<br />
The other question - related but perhaps more perplexing - is why the number of Latin students is so relatively low. Note that the number of students taking the Latin subject test is one percent of the total number of students taking subject tests. Note that the number of students who reported having taken Latin (76,094) is about five percent of the total SAT test takers (1,547,990). In my small high school (about 600 students fairly evenly distributed in grades 9 - 12), this year (2010-2011) there have been two Latin IV students and one Latin III student, zero French IV students and three French III students - i.e., about one percent in upper level Latin and in upper level French. There are about 30 French and 30 Latin students altogether over all four grade levels. There are more than twice as many Spanish students. <br />
<br />
One would think that if high SAT scores really mattered there would be a lot more students taking Latin. Either hardly anybody has been paying attention to this batch of statistics (and they seem to have been pointing the same direction for years - check out Bolchazy-Carducci's [less than wholly candid] Latin advantage <a href="http://www.bolchazy.com/al/latadv.htm">page</a>), or perhaps only about five percent of the population actually has enough competency in reading comprehension, mathematical reasoning and writing skills to take Latin. William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-6096581805712677312010-10-31T13:12:00.000-04:002010-10-31T13:12:11.951-04:00Labor improdus omnia vincit<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAahryNobsnLbnzWjhrW7b9REaM6otC_jFRBOOWANEkAk22LO66p_vhFhV0TEqEV8UyB8vvnXc0OCMdWqI2d7otpHOoQD8hSnCxuOYfjUVYivlkZYF7XIc7o7sileGGkqWIyVgpnnaNQQ/s1600/les+choristes.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5533860255068501906" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAahryNobsnLbnzWjhrW7b9REaM6otC_jFRBOOWANEkAk22LO66p_vhFhV0TEqEV8UyB8vvnXc0OCMdWqI2d7otpHOoQD8hSnCxuOYfjUVYivlkZYF7XIc7o7sileGGkqWIyVgpnnaNQQ/s320/les+choristes.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 166px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
This is the motto of <span style="font-style: italic;">Fond de l'étang</span> - a boarding school for wayward boys in post-WWII France and the setting for <span style="font-style: italic;">Les Choristes</span>, a 2004 French film directed by Christophe Barratier. A couple years ago I bought a DVD to watch with my French classes on the recommendation of my son who had spent a year in France a decade ago as a foreign exchange student. The motto - in large capital letters - appears one time in the film on a wall in a hall of the building as the new master is introduced to the place. Beneath the Latin and at the right is the ascription "Vergile".<br />
<br />
Why is this motto so laughably mistaken? Vergil says in his Georgics I.145-6:<br />
<blockquote>. . . labor omnia uicit 145 <br />
improbus et duris urgens in rebus egestas.</blockquote>A troublesome <a href="http://www.jstor.org/pss/639464">sentence</a> to comprehend although not terribly difficult in vocabulary and syntax.<br />
<br />
At the Erreurs de Films <a href="http://www.erreursdefilms.com/drame/voir-toutes-les-erreurs-film-Choristes,-Les-CHOR.html">page on this movie</a> appears this comment by "Michel B":<br />
<blockquote>La devise du 'fond de l'étang', apparaît à un certain moment : 'labor improdus omnia vincit' ne signifie rien en latin. Il faut lire 'improbus' et non 'improdus' (Barbarisme).</blockquote>Possibly the error is intentional. The phrase in the motto has been around a good while. It produces at least 250 hits on Google (mostly European), among which appear glosses like this: <span style="font-style: italic;">Un travail opiniâtre vient à bout de tout</span>. E.g. from the <a href="http://www.ifps.org.pl/web/en_onas.php?onas=en_onas&id=216">Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing</a>:<br />
<blockquote>Officer's Cross "Labor Improdus Omnia Vincit" for scientific achievements of the Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, awarded at the 57th World Exhibition on Innovation, Research and New Technologies INNOVA 2008</blockquote>It seems to have been adopted as a tag-line by somebody going under the name "Gael" in a French listserv of some sort called <a href="http://hermineradieuse.aceboard.fr/index.php?login=14766">Forum des Coquillards de Villon</a>. You can see a representative post <a href="http://hermineradieuse.aceboard.fr/14766-4242-32758-0-Chaussures-cloutees.htm">here</a>. Of course, a goodly number - perhaps most - of the postings since 2004 may be parroting this film, wittingly or not, though it seems doubtful that the Officer's Cross thing derives from the movie, or at least from this version of the movie.<br />
<br />
By contrast, the less incorrect "Labor improbus omnia vincit" produces some 18,000 hits on Google, and the shorter version (omitting the problematic attributive adjective) "Labor omnia vincit" some 67,000.<br />
<br />
Perhaps the director or possibly the screenwriters (Barratier and Philippe Lopes-Curval, who were adapting the 1947 film <span style="font-style: italic;">La Cage aux Rossignols</span>) have included this bit as a subtle - or not so subtle - comment on the pretensions of this <span style="font-style: italic;">internat de rééducation réservé aux enfants en difficulté</span>. Throughout the film representatives of the school's administration confidently babble in (then) current psycho-socio-educational buzz-words, but they cannot even get a simple Latin quotation right on their proudly displayed motto. Rather, with a complete lack of genuine discernment, they latch onto some debased Latinate hard-work-is-good-for-you proverb floating around here or there and paste it up where it will impress the hoi polloi.<br />
<br />
Perhaps it even goes further with a gentle but telling cut at the growing shallowness of a society coming adrift from its cultural roots. After all, nobody in the film comments on the error, or even appears to notice it. Nobody's education has included enough time with one of the preeminent writers of antiquity to recognize a misquote prominently displayed on the wall.<br />
<br />
On the other hand, this may have appeared in the earlier film and simply been copied. In that case, we are back to wondering the same things about those involved in that earlier production.<br />
<br />
Or is the real answer, as "Michel B" suggests, that these film people (whether in the later or the earlier or both versions of the story) just wanted a Latin motto saying something about the value of work and were too hasty and too cheap to get it right.William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-15689814924182403792010-10-30T22:38:00.000-04:002010-10-30T22:38:42.557-04:00Attendance, participation, cooperation and effort are the grade criteria applied by one physical education teacher (with thirty years or more of experience) at my school. I'm not sure why I asked him. He doesn't have a classroom this year, so I see him regularly in the science wing's utility room where there is a coffee-maker for the third floor. He was there working on grade entry work on his laptop when I stopped by for a re-fill one afternoon. I've been wondering a lot about grades the last few years, so I just inquired.<br />
<br />
I suppose this set of criteria results in fairness. Students with little or no athletic ability (regardless of their motivation) and students with little or no ambition to reach a high level of accomplishment (regardless of their natural talent) can earn an A by attending, participating, cooperating and making an effort. The level of actual achievement in athletic pursuits, whether individual or group, indoors or outdoors, high-intensity or low-intensity, over the semester or academic year or even all four years of high school is irrelevant under this criteria. This may entail a dilution of the accomplishment of those who actually have a lot of ability or ambition or both, and consequently come to perform at a level of excellence, but who cares? By necessary implication that group of students will have attended, participated, cooperated and made an effort, so they will have their As too.<br />
<br />
In my school an A for a semester of phys ed counts the same weight on the cumulative grade point average as an A for a semester in Latin. I can't help thinking that learning enough Latin vocabulary, morphology and syntax, and practicing thinking with all that Latin vocabulary, morphology and syntax well enough, to get As on my tests, quizzes and projects is necessary for a student to get an A in Latin. No doubt there is some correlation between this attitude of mine and the fact that there are three students in the third and fourth years of study in Latin out of a high school population of 600. <br />
<br />
Statistic (from <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/obesity/">CDC</a>): From 1980 through 2008, "the prevalence of obesity among adolescents aged 12 to 19 years increased from 5.0% to 18.1%" Is the appropriate reaction? (1) What the hell lousy kind of phys ed programs are schools running! (2) Without a phys ed course requirement this would be even worse. (3) Both?<br />
<br />
Does anybody besides me wonder whether there is any causal relationship between the increasing number of fat kids and giving teenagers As in Gym if they show up, take part, get along nicely and give the impression of trying?<br />
<br />
At least gym teachers are fortunate the bureaucrats in charge of such things as NCLB and PSSA haven't figured out how to hold schools responsible for making Olympic contenders out of whatever percentage of teenagers can fairly be described as porkers, weaklings, wimps or klutzes.William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-8795286332719808142009-12-06T20:24:00.004-05:002009-12-06T20:45:01.507-05:00<div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFkqNvmtDch8CdBg0kRBi7d44iXevZTt2Gb1cH95zytPsyuynENc1z7BBLOO7TJTFRKD_ZPH7M3G-jzTwG_HeTntEYMTpU00DO63uCVbuMqXZ0F3_ZjFSHm9MhQtrPIe_hTlYVhf2v0Zw/s1600-h/img084.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 256px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFkqNvmtDch8CdBg0kRBi7d44iXevZTt2Gb1cH95zytPsyuynENc1z7BBLOO7TJTFRKD_ZPH7M3G-jzTwG_HeTntEYMTpU00DO63uCVbuMqXZ0F3_ZjFSHm9MhQtrPIe_hTlYVhf2v0Zw/s320/img084.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5412299594770809458" border="0" /></a>My youngest grandson - Austin Giles Snyder - born November 25, 2009.<br />It looks like he's been searching for the words with which to express his disapproval of something he has just noticed about his immediate environment and is just about to realize that he doesn't know any words yet, which is another thing he's about to disapprove of, except that the same problem with not knowing any words is going to come into play there as well, in consequence of all of which he can't do much of anything except get that expression on his face.<br /></div><img src="file:///Users/snyder/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/moz-screenshot.jpg" alt="" />William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-51847481420331562009-08-05T10:01:00.003-04:002009-08-05T10:10:55.615-04:00<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9ikdOzou64KMjPrDbCx0E9vcA-Upg0azSrd6pJcAJVRlbDolcH4hupwhD-BuC_BsA4qO8sttXXcHwJilMBWCSBMLIoX1-5E5dMtPVZjBItNF3GCL8fAfrF5GyRGffW4UDvSLotBN_FWk/s1600-h/BedfordExhibition.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 266px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9ikdOzou64KMjPrDbCx0E9vcA-Upg0azSrd6pJcAJVRlbDolcH4hupwhD-BuC_BsA4qO8sttXXcHwJilMBWCSBMLIoX1-5E5dMtPVZjBItNF3GCL8fAfrF5GyRGffW4UDvSLotBN_FWk/s320/BedfordExhibition.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5366481286174140738" border="0" /></a><br />Just a little something to give notice of my son's exhibit, currently up at the Bedford County Arts Council in Bedford.William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-48932971510795306622009-02-27T19:32:00.000-05:002009-02-27T19:33:45.974-05:00Facetiae hebdomadae 2/23 - 2/27/09 -<br /><br />Vir quidam intrat in grapheum causidici et rogat de pretio operis eius.<br />Cui ille: Si tibi tres quaestiones respondebo mihi quinquaginta dollarios dabis.<br />"Eheu, mi frater," clamat vir, "nonne putas hoc magni pretii esse?"<br />"Ita," ait causidicus, "et nunc, mi domine, quae est quaestio ter-tia?"<br /><br />Quae differentia inest inter pulicem et causidicum?<br />Postquam mortus es pulex tuam non magis sanguinem sugit.<br /><br />Si in minimo cubiculo es et illic tigris ferocissimus, vipera ve-nenossima et causidicus tecum insunt et tu tantum duas glandes plumbeas in sclopeto habes, dic mihi, quid primo facere debes?<br />Causidicum sclopetare. Bis!<br /><br />Quid habes cum tu centum causidicos tenus collo in harena sepelivisti?<br />Non satis harenae.<br /><br />Mulier et vir qui antea numquam sese obviam intulerunt ideoque inter se prorsus ignoti, comperierunt se casu eidem conclavi in tramine transcontinentali ascriptos esse. Alium lectum in curri-bus cubiculatis consequi temptaverunt sed tramen oppletum erat vectoribus et valde defessi erant peregrini advenae nostri. In his angustiis foro uti consenserunt hac dumtaxat nocte et vir urbane sibi selegit lectum superiorem ut res commodius mulieri eveni-ret. Intempesta nocte vir declinavit miteque mulierem e somno suscitavit dicens, "Hera mea, me paenitet si te incommodem, sed in armarium illud manum porrigere velin' ut mihi adipiscaris al-teram lodicem? Maxime enim frigeo."<br />"Melius consilium capiendum ut mihi videtur, tibi habeo," refert mulier. "Hac sola nocte fingamus nos esse coniuges."<br />"Hui! Valde mihi arridet ratio illa tua!" exclamat vir.<br />"Bene est," regerit illa. "Adipiscere sis tibi tandem ipsi lodicem tuam paedicandam."William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-59363154252538003692009-02-27T19:31:00.002-05:002009-02-27T19:35:25.207-05:00Jokes from week of 2/16/09 -<br /><br />Quondam homo ebrius quidam in via cecidit atque graviter ictu vulneratus est. Cum deinde domum delatus est, uxor flava, ubi primum medicum vidit, eum interrogavit num maritus in dis-crimine vitae esset. Medicus, homo in arte sua excellens, postquam accurate hominem inspexit, uxori respondit: "Plane mortuus est. Mox poteris corpus eius in rogum imponere." Cum haec verba audivisset maritus, qui nondum mortuus erat, dixit voce supplici: "Nolite me cremare vivum. Expectate dum moriar!" "Tace," inquit uxor, "num te scire plus quam medicus existimas?"<br /><br /><br />Vir quidam Amstelodami ecclesiam init et antistiti dicit se con-fiteri velle.<br />“Ignosce mihi, pater,” ait vir, “quia peccavi. Inter annos alteri belli mundani virum in parvo cubiculo sub tegulis celavi.”<br />“Mi fili,” respondet antistes, “hoc nullum peccatum est.”<br />“Sed, mi pater,” ait vir, “ab eo quadraginta denarios per hebdo-madam cepi.”<br />“Quamquam hoc,” respondet antistes, “non stricto sensu bonum est, verumtamen non peccavisti.”<br />“Eheu, mi pater, levavisti permagnum onus e conscientia mea,” dicit vir, “sed adhuc aliquid in mente habeo. . .”<br />Cui antistes: Ita, mi fili, quid rogare vis?<br />“Num debeo ei dicere bellum alterum mundanum iam peractum esse?”<br /><br /><br />Ex hoc quidem oppido missi sunt quidam Aretium ad emendum ligneum Crucifixum, qui in ecclesia eorum poneretur. Deducti ad hujusmodi opificem quemdam, cum rudes et veluti stipites essent, opifex risus materiam auditis hominibus quaerens, vi-vumne an mortuum Crucifixum vellent, postulavit. Illi, sumpto paulo temporis ad consultandum, secreto collocuti, demum re-sponderunt, se vivum malle: nam si eo modo suo populo non placeret, se illum e vestigio occisuros.<br />GIAN FRANCESCO POGGIO BRACCIOLINI (February 11, 1380 – October 30, 1459)<br /><br /><br />Marītus uxōrī suae articulum diurnārium legēbat dē numerō vōculārum quibus mulierēs quotīdiē peraequē ūtī solent... trīgintā mīlia contrā virī quīndecim mīlia. Huic regessit uxor, "In causā dēbet esse quod uxōrī opus est omnia bis repetere." Dein marītus ad uxōrem conversus rogāvit, "Quid?"William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-38499807504980943292009-02-16T17:21:00.001-05:002009-02-16T17:25:19.598-05:00plus iocorum - week of 2/9/09Certo die erat Petrus nimis defessus ideoque rogavit Jesum munus eius perficere. Jesus hoc fecit et dum homines interrogabat de vita et gestis malis et bonis vidit virum quendam qui ei famil-iarissimum videbatur. Cum vir ille ad Jesum venit interrogat eum sic:<br />"Quid est nomen tibi?"<br />"Josephus est mihi nomen."<br />"Et quid erat negotium tuum dum vivis?"<br />"Faber lignarius fui."<br />"Edepol! Nonne tu parvulum puerum habuisti?"<br />"Ita, mi Domine, habui."<br />"Et nonne puer ille habuit foramina et in manibus et in pedibus?"<br />"Ita, mi Domine!"<br />Cum hoc audit fere lacrimans clamat Jesus "Mi pater, mi pater" et incipit eum amplecti.<br />Vir verumtamen valde miratus eum interrogat: "Esne tu reapse Pinnochius?"<br /><br />Vir quidam mortuus est et caelum adit ubi post paucos dies Deo ipso occurrit.<br />“Possumne te, Deus meus,” dicit vir, “de certis rebus interro-gare?”<br />Cui ille: Certe fili mi. Quid scire vis?<br />“Quam ob rem” rogat vir, “mulieres tam pulcherrimas fecisti?”<br />Cui Deus: “Hoc perfacile est. Eas pulcherrimas feci ut viri eas peramarent.”<br />“Et quam ob rem,” rogat vir, “iis figuram voluptuosam et vocem perdulcem dedisti?”<br />“Ut viri eas cupiant” respondet Deus<br />“Sed quam ob rem eas quoque tam inanes fecisti?” petit amplius vir noster.<br />“Hoc etiam explicare possum,” dicit Deus subridens, “eas sic feci quia nisi inanes fuissent virum numquam cupivissent!”<br /><br />Erat femina flava quaedam quae maximam inopiam patiebatur posteaquam pontem Brooklyn parvo pretio emit ideoque pecunia valde egebat. Post multas cogitationes demum constituit puerum raptare et magnam summam pecuniae pro redemptione po-scere. Confestim ad ludum ivit, et puerum quemdam manu pre-hendit, et ei dixit “Nunc es raptus a me!” Deinde in chartula scripsit “Puerum tuum raptavi. Mane cras decem milia dollarium in saccum papyraceum pone et relinque illum juxta pirum quae ante schola est. Hoc subscribit femina flava!” et puero dixit: "age, vade domum, et da matri tuae hanc chartulam!" Proximo die femina flava nostra ad scholam ivit et, mira res, il-lic juxta pirum saccum papyraceum invenit quod reapse decem milia dollarium continebat. Sacco quoque inerat chartula in qua scriptae sunt haec verba: "Dei Boni! Quomodo rem tam foedissimam potuisti alii feminae flavae facere!"<br /><br />Duo viri sedebant in caupona et primus dicit alteri: Felix sum quia uxor mea reapse angelus est.<br />Cui alter: Mehercle! Tuam bonam fortunam tibi invideo, mi frater, quia mea adhuc vivit!<br /><br />Olim erat mulier quaedam quae geminos habebat et eos in adop-tionem dedit. Unus in Aegyptum it et ibi Amnes nuncupatus est. Alter in Hispaniam it et ibi Junus nuncupatus est. Multos post annos Junus picturam photographicam suam ad matrem mittit et cum ea hanc vidit subito clamat "utinam picturam alterius mei filii videre potuerim!"<br />"Eheu," ait vir eius, "nonne filii tui gemini sunt? Si Junum vides iam Amnes vidisti."William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-52134772617556377002009-02-07T10:35:00.002-05:002009-02-07T10:54:43.912-05:00quidam ioci02/06/09 -<br />Tres viri mortem obeunt et ad portas caeli adveniunt ubi Sanctus Petrus stat et ille iis sic dicit: "Iam vos salvos esse scio quia hic estis, sed regulae sunt regulae et vos aliquid rogare debeo. Secundum quod respondebis vobis autocinetum dabo, quo huc et illuc in caelo ire poteritis, quia si nondum scitis hic locus reapse permagnus est."<br />"Nunc, dic mihi," ait Petrus primo viro, "quot annorum uxorem habuisti?"<br />"Viginti et quattuor" respondet ille.<br />Cui Petrus: "Et semper uxori tuae fidelis fuistis?"<br />"Minime! Septem concubinas habui. . . sed tu me salvum esse dixisti, ergo. . ."<br />"Ita, ita," ait Petrus, "salvus es, et in caelum introibis, sed tibi tantum autocinetum quem 'Kia' vocamus dare possum."<br />Deinde rogat easdem quaestiones Petrus secundum virum et ille respondet se quadraginta quinque annorum uxorem habuisse et tantum semel cum aliena iacuisse.<br />"Re vera," ait Petrus, "optime fecisti, mi fili! Tibi autocinetum dabo quem 'Cadillac' vocamus"<br />Demum tertius vir Petro eum item roganti respondet sexaginta septem annorum uxorem habuisse neque semel quidem cum aliena iacuisse!<br />"Mehercle!" ait Petrus, "tu instar beatorum nostrorum es, mi fili! Ideoque tibi formosissimum autocinetum dabo quem 'Jaguar' vocamus."<br />Paulo post conveniunt et vir qui Kia recepit et ille qui Cadillac meruit et tertium vident qui inconsolabiliter plorat et accedentes eum rogant quam ob rem tam maestus sit.<br />Quibus ille: "Me miserum et caudicem permagnum! Uxorem meam nuperrime vidi et ea BIROTAM tantum ducebat!"<br /><br />02/05/09 -<br />Vir quidam intrat in cauponam et sedet iuxta alterum qui canem circa pedes habet.<br />"Dic mihi sivis," ait primus altero, "mordetne canis tua?"<br />Cui alter: "Minime!"<br />Paulo post canis primum virum magna cum saevitia mordet.<br />"Eheu!" clamat primus vir, "nonne mihi dixisti canem tuam non mordere?"<br />Cui alter: "Ita, et re vera non mordet, sed canis haec non mea est . . ."<br /><br />02/04/09 -<br />Excursionem in agrum olim susceperunt notissimus ille Sher-lockus Holmes eiusque comes Doctor Watson, ut per nonnullos dies natura delectarentur. Prima autem nocte, in media silua dormientes, Sherlockus subito expergefactus est, qui illico amicum Watson e somno deiecit eique rogauit:<br />--Specta caelum, dilecte Watson, et dic mihi quid uideas.<br />--Sescentas stellas, Holmes.<br />--Et quid ex hoc deducis, quid colligis?<br />--Astronomice, quod exstant milia miliaque stellarum et gal-laxiarum. Astrologice, quod planeta Neptuni constellationem Tauri nuper intrauit. Horologice, quod tertia est hora. Meteoro-logice, quod cras nullo modo pluere poterit.<br />-Optime collegisti.<br />-Tute autem, Holmes, quid deduxisti?<br />-Manifeste, optime Watson: deduco aliquem tentorium nostrum furatum esse!!William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6369718047627253826.post-15921194234265396672009-01-31T14:08:00.000-05:002009-01-31T14:09:21.833-05:00Interesting animation video<object width="400" height="225"><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><param name="movie" value="http://vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=1471334&server=vimeo.com&show_title=1&show_byline=1&show_portrait=0&color=&fullscreen=1"><embed src="http://vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=1471334&server=vimeo.com&show_title=1&show_byline=1&show_portrait=0&color=&fullscreen=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" width="400" height="225"></embed></object><br /><a href="http://vimeo.com/1471334">Veni Vidi Vici - 3D Animation @ University Of Hertfordshire 2008</a> from <a href="http://vimeo.com/h3da">Digital Animation Herts Uni UK</a> on <a href="http://vimeo.com">Vimeo</a>.William Snyderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02098392657532065437noreply@blogger.com0